
Book._0-Jb 

CopightlN':' 

COPifRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



THE A. E. F. 



llLlERY 



THE A. E. F. 

WHO THEY WERE 
WHAT THEY DID 
HOW THEY DID IT 



BY 
WILLIS ROWLAND SKILLMAN 

FORMERLY OF 79th DIVISION, U. S. ARMY 




PHILADELPHIA 

GEORGE W. JACOBS & COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 




SERvicto. Supply ^^ ^ ^^. , ,, ^^ Dist.ictof Paris 



Gencrai HEAoguAnnRS 



Camoufiagi Section 



Reserve Maut 



Us- 70 



Copyright, 1920, by 
George W. Jacobs & Comparuy 



All rights reserved 
Printed in JJ. 8. A. 



CI.A566711 



TO 
MY MOTHER 



FOREWORD 

We all have hobbies. Some of us who have 
been in the service have developed a hobby for 
^' ducking'^ details (i. e. avoiding work), others 
for concocting new rumors to spread among the 
more credulous of our ^^ buddies." My partic- 
ular hobby has been to accumulate, not guns and 
helmets, but facts and figures. During the 
twenty months I have been in the Army, I have 
been stocking my little note-book with bits of 
information about army organization, divisions, 
insignia, casualties, dates, awards of medals, and 
a dozen other subjects of interest to soldiers. 

While in the dugouts, billets and hospitals in 
France and in the demobilization camps in the 
United States, my little scrap book often came 
into prominence during arguments and discus- 
sions, and many expressed the wish that they had 
the items of my little book in some permanent 
form. One *^ buddy'' said, **Why not let your 
scrap book be a scrap book for us all?'' Acting 
upon this suggestion, I decided to rearrange the 
information of my little book, verify it, add new 
items of interest, and explain in terms any civilian 

7 



8 FOREWORD 

can understand the system by which the American 
Army accomplished its work in France. As a re- 
sult of this work, I have gathered together for the 
boys of the A. E. F. and their hundred million 
American friends the following facts, figures and 
reminiscences. 

If the pages of this little book bring a clearer 
conception of the Great War and of the work 
of the American Expeditionary Forces: if the 
insignia call to mind the achievements of each 
division: if the reminiscences bring back a bit 
of the good fellowship of the old days, my little 
book shall not have failed in its mission. 

Philadelphia, 
November, 1919. 



PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

In compiling this little volume every available 
safeguard has been used to insure the accuracy 
of the facts, figures and insignia contained there- 
in. The author begs to offer grateful acknowl- 
edgment to the following persons who have gen- 
erously assisted him: 

To Colonel C. W. Weeks and Mr. R. S. Thomas 
of the Historical Branch of the Army War College 
for valued assistance and suggestions. 

To Major J. M. Swing, Assistant to the Chief of 
Staff, for certain records and reports and helpful 
suggestions. 

To Mr. Aaron Rachofsky and his assistants in 
the War Department News Bureau and to Mrs. 
B. B. McCliment of the Adjutant GeneraPs of- 
fice, for tables of statistics, data on divisions, 
and other valuable information. 

To the Stars and Stripes^ that most excellent 
paper of the A. E. F., for several tables indicated 
in the text. 

Finally to my publishers for their generous as- 
sistance and suggestions in the preparation of 
this book. 

9 



10 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

If despite precautions, error is discovered 
within the pages of this book or any insignia has 
been omitted the author will consider it a personal 
favor to be advised of such inaccuracy in order 
that correction may be made in subsequent edi- 
tions. 

Willis R. Skillman. 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER I PAGE 

A Soldier's Survey of the World War 13 

How the War Started — Notable Dates in the His- 
tory of the War — Nations Engaging in the World 
Conflict — Men in Arms and Casualties of the World 
War — Extent of Front Line Held by the Various Na- 
tions — The Cost of the War. 

CHAPTER II 

America's Part in the World War 23 

Why the United States Entered the War — ^Ameri- 
can Red Letter Days in the World War — Army Or- 
ganization — Growth of the Army and Sources of 
Growth — America's Losses in the World War- 
Greatest Strength of U. S. Forces in Important Wars 
— U. S. Casualties in Important Wars — A. E. F. 
Battle Losses Compared with Battle Losses in the 
Civil War. 

CHAPTER III 

System of Command 37 

Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces 
—How an Offensive Battle Is Fought— The Zone Sys- 
tem — The Three Armies — The Nine Army Corps — 
Troops Engaged in Actual Combat — The Twelve 
Greatest Engagements of the American Forces — 
Prisoners and Guns Captured by American Troops. 

CHAPTER IV 

The American Divisions .58 

The Division as a Fighting Unit — Strength and 
Equipment of a Division — Organization and Work of 
a Division — Brief Histories of the American Di- 
ll 



12 CONTENTS 

PAOZ 

visions — Statistics of Battle Deaths and Prisoners by 
Divisions — Replacements to American Divisions — 
Distinguished Service Crosses Awarded to Divisions 
— Kilometers Advanced by Various Combat Divisions. 

CHAPTER V 

The Branches op the Service 114 

Increasing Complexity of Military Work — Growth 
of the Army by Branch of Service — Work and In- 
signia of the Following Branches of the Service: 
Infantry and Machine Gun Battalions; Engineer 
Corps; Artillery, Field and Coast; Ammunition 
Train; Medical Department; Quartermaster Depart- 
ment; Ordnance Department; Signal Corps; Cavalry; 
Air Service; Motor Transport Service; Tank Corps; 
Chemical Warfare Service; Other Branches — Battle 
Deaths by Branch of Service — D. S. C. Awards by 
Branch of Service. 

CHAPTER VI 

Army Honors and Symbols 147 

Medals and Awards in the A. E. F. — Foreign 
Medals and Awards — Officers' Insignia of Rank — 
Pay of Officers and Enlisted Men — Chevrons, Sendee 
and Wound Stripes, Brassards and Hat Cords — 
Army Brieflets. 

CHAPTER VII 
Reminiscences 163 

Famous Initials — French that Every Soldier 
Knew — Confidential Guide (What Not to Feed the 
Returned Soldiers) — General Orders (Revised) — 
Lest We Forget — Rumors — Familiar Expressions — 
Comfy Hospital— -Who Won the War? 

APPENDIX 

Units Comprising the Division 180 

Index I85 



LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

Shoulder Insignia of the U. S. Army (Colored) Frontispiece 

TACINa 
PAGE 

General Pershing 36 

Chart Showing Coordination of Military Forces at the 
Time of the Grand Allied Offensive of Sept. 26, 
1918 40 

Diagram of Battle Formation 44 

Map Showing Where the Twelve Greatest Battles Were 
Fought 66 

Collar Insignia of the Branches of the Service .... 114 

Officer^s Insignia of Rank 150 

Chevrons . . » 152 



13 



CHAPTER I 

A soldier's survey of the world war 

When the Serbian student fired the automatic 
pistol that killed the Archduke of Austria-Hun- 
gary, the world little realized that this assassi- 
nation was the spark which was destined to kindle 
the greatest military conflagration in history. 
The world little realized on that June day that 
five weeks later Europe would be aflare with war, 
and that within a little more than four years 
twenty-eight nations would have taken up arms. 
It little knew that war or war work would be the 
occupation of more than eighty per cent of the 
population of the world; that war would be car- 
ried to every continent, and that war would be 
waged on or under every sea; that war debts 
amounting to more than two hundred billion dol- 
lars would be accumulated; that more than seven 
million men would be slain in battle, and that 
seventeen million more would be wounded or 
would die of disease. 

Such has been the cost of the World War — a 
war in which autocracy was destined to be 

13 



14 THE A. E. F. 

crushed and the forces of liberty and democracy 
triumph; a war in which the race of competitive 
armaments would be run to the finish ; a war which 
would give birth to the League of Nations, the 
world ^s first bond of nations mutually agreed to 
enforce peace. 

Herewith are presented in chronological order 
the most important events of the World War. 

NOTABLE DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE WAR 

1914 

June 28 Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand as- 
sassinated at Sarajevo. 

July 23 Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia. 

July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. 

July 29 Austria attacks Serbia. 

July 31 Russia orders general mobilization. 

August 1 Germany declares war on Russia. 

August 2 Germany sends ultimatum to Belgium de- 
manding free passage for troops across 
Belgium. 

August 3 Germany declares war on France. 

August 4 ..... .Germany invades and overruns Belgium. 

August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany. 

August 6 City of Liege falls. 

August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. 

August 10 France declares war on Austria-Hungary. 

August 12 Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hun- 
gary. 

September 6 French stop Germans at Marne. 

October 10 Antwerp falls. 

November 5 Great Britain declares war on Turkey. 

December 24 First German air raid on England. 



THE A. E. F. 15 

1915 
January 1 to 
February 15 . . Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians. 

April 23 Germans first use poison gas. 

May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk ; 1,134 lost, 

(114 Americans). 

May 23 Italy declares war on Germany. 

August 4 Germans take Warsaw. 

October 12 Edith Cavell executed. 

October 13 Bulgaria enters war allied with Central 

Powers. 

1916 

February 22 .... German drive for Verdun begins. 

May 31 British win Jutland battle. 

July 1 Allies begin Somme offensive. 

September 14. . . .British first use tanks. 

October 24 French stop Verdun drive. 

December 19 ... . Allies reject German "negotiated peace" 
offer. 

1917 

January 31 Germany announces "unrestricted" subma- 
rine warfare. 

April 6 United States declares war on Germany. 

August 15 Peace proposals of Pope Benedict revealed. 

August 28 United States rejects Pope's peace proposal. 

September 20 ... . British defeat Germans at Ypres. 

October 24 to 
December 1 . . . Great German-Austrian drive into Italy. 

November 22 to 

December 13 . . Cambrai offensive ; Cambrai taken Novem- 
ber 26. 

December 2 . . . . German counter-attack compels British to 
give up one-fourth of ground gained in 
Cambrai offensive. 



16 THE A. E. F. 

December 7 United States declares war on Austria-Hun- 
gary. 
December 8 . . . . British capture Jerusalem. 
December 14 ... . German armistice with Russia effective. 



1918 

January 5 President Wilson announces "14 peace 

points." 

February 5 Troop ship Tuscania torpedoed (loss, 101). 

February 6 Allied naval forces bombard Ostend. 

March 21 German drive on Amiens starts. 

March 29 German "mystery gun" kills 75 in Paris. 

April 4 Germans start Channel port drive. 

May 5 Austrians start drive on Italy. 

May 27 Germans start drive on Mame. 

June 1 Germans cross Marne, 46 miles from Paris. 

July 15 Last German offensive ; up Mame toward 

Paris. 

July 18 Foch counter-offensive begins. 

August 2 French retake Soissons. 

August 20 French advance between Oise and Aisne. 

August 30 Germans driven across Somme. 

September 8 . . . British regain positions lost in March, 
September 12 . . . First All- American offensive at St. Mihiel. 
September 26 . . . Americans begin Argonne offensive. 
September 29 . . . Americans smash Hindenburg line. 
September 30 . . . Bulgaria surrenders to the Allies. 

October 1 French take St. Quentin. 

October 5 Germans abandon Lille. 

October 21 Allies cross the Oise. 

November 1 . . . Turkey surrenders. 
November 3 . . . Austria surrenders. 

November 6 . . . Allies advance along line from Belgian 
borders to the Meuse. Americans occupy 
Sedan. 



THE A. E. F. 17 

November 10 . . . Kaiser and Crown Prince flee to Holland. 
November 11 . . . Germany signs the armistice. 

1919 

April 29 League of Nations completed and unani- 
mously adopted as part of Peace Treaty. 

May 7 ;. Peace treaty submitted to Germany. 

June 28 Germany signs Peace Treaty. 

The events which have just been recorded 
eventually drew twenty-eight nations to take part 
in the World Conflict. What nations these were, 
what their population was at the last census, and 
the date on which they entered the war is re- 
corded in the following table. 

NATIONS IN WORLD WAR 

POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTERED WAR 

Allies 

Nation Population Date Entered War 

Serbia 4,600,000 July 28, 1914 

Russia 182,182,600 August 1, 1914 

France 39,601,509 August 3, 1914 

British Empire ... 437,947,432 August 4, 1914 

Belgium 7,571,387 August 4, 1914 

Montenegro 520,000 August 9, 1914 

Japan 56,860,735 August 23, 1914 

Portugal 5,957,985 March 9, 1915 

Italy 36,546,437 May 24, 1915 

San Marino 10,000 May 24, 1915 

Roumania 7,508,009 August 27, 1916 



18 



THE A. E. F. 



NATIONS IN WORLD WAR (Continued) 

POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTERED WAR 



Nation 
TTnited States 

Cuba 

Panama .... 

Greece 

Siam 

Liberia 



Allies 
Population 



Date Entered War 



... 103,500,473 April 6, 

2,406,117 April 7, 

386,891 April 7, 

4,821,300 July 2, 

6,000,000 July 22, 

2,060,000 August 4, 

China 320,620,000 August 14, 

Brazil 24,628,429 October 26, 



Guatemala 
Nicaragua 
Costa Rica 

Hayti 

Honduras 



2,092,824 April 21, 

700,000 May 7, 

425,000 May 24, 

2,030,000 July 12, 

592,675 July 19, 



1917 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1918 
1918 
1918 
1918 
1918 



Total Population Allied Nations. .1,249,559,803 

Central Powers 

Nation Population Date Entered War 

Austria 29,193,293 July 28, 1914 

Germany 67,812,000 August 1, 1914 

Turkey 21,247,000 November 5, 1914 

Bulgaria 5,517,700 October 14, 1915 



Total 123,769,993 

Total Population of the Allied Nations 1,249,557,803 

Total Population of the Central Powers 123,769,993 



Grand Total 1,373,328,796 

World Population (1910) 1,692,000,000 



THE A. E. F. 19 

In addition to the 24 nations which were allied 
against the Central Powers, the following nations 
severed diplomatic relations but did not declare 

war: 

Bolivia San Domingo 

Ecuador Uruguay 

Peru 

Of the twenty-eight nations which severed diplo- 
matic relations fourteen took some part in the 
great struggle centered in Europe. Nine of these 
nations suffered casualties. Which nations these 
were ; how many men each nation had under arms ; 
how many of the men of the various nations died 
in battle ; and the total casualties of each nation, 
are shown in the following table: 

MEN m ARMS AND CASUALTIES OF THE WORLD 

WAR 

Allies 

Men in Died in Total 

Arms Battle Casualties 

United States 3,670,088 48,369 289,710 

British Empire 7,500,000 1 706,700 3,049,991 

France 6,000,000 1,385,300 4,000,000 

Italy 5,000,000 460,000 2,000,000 

Belgium 350,000 102,000 300,000 

Serbia and MontenegTo. 300,000 100,000 200,000 

Roumania 600,000 100,000 300,000 

Russia 14,000,000 1,700,000 5,000,000 

Total Allies 37,425,888 4,602,369 15,139,692 

1 Includes British Navy. 



20 THE A. E. F. 

Central Powers 

Men in Died in Total 

Arms Battle Casualties 

Germany 11,000,000 1,600,000 4,000,000 

Austria 7,500,000 800,000 4,500,000 

Turkey 1,500,000 250,000 750,000 

Bulgaria 1,000,000 100,000 200,000 

Total Central Powers. 21,000,000 2,750,000 0,450,000 

Grand Total 58,425,888 7,352,369 24,589,692 

Figures unofficial except for the British Empire, France and 
the United States. 

In comparing the part that the various allied 
nations had in holding the front line of the West- 
ern Front against the Germans and Austrians, the 
following two tables are interesting, the first 
showing the extent of the American front in kilo- 
meters, the second showing the rate of increase in 
per cent of the front held by the United States 
during the last year of the war. 

KILOMETERS OF FRONT LINE HELD BY ARMIES OF 
EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 

Belgian French British U.S. Total 

January 31 37 520 187 10 754 

April 30 37 580.5 133 51.5 802 

June 30 37 591.5 133 92.5 854 

July 30 37 511.5 148 109.5 806 

August 30 37 422.5 140 145 744.5 

September 30... 46 414.8 133 132.2 726 

October 30 24 398.9 110 127.1 660 

November 11.... 40 354.75 113 134.25 642 



THE A. E. F. 



21 



PER CENT OF TOTAL FRONT HELD BY ARMIES OF 
EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 

Belgian French British U.S. 

January 31 5 G9 25 1 

April 30 5 72 17 6 

June 30 4 69 16 11 

July 30 5 63 18 14 

Auoust 30 5 56 19 20 

September 30 6 58 18 18 

October 30 4 60 17 19 

November 11 6 55 18 21 



COST OF THE WAR 

The following figures of war expenditures, 
kindly furnished by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel, 
General Staff, Chief Statistics Branch, give the 
limits within which the correct figures will fall. 
The first column gives the total cost of conducting 
the war up till April 30th, 1919. The second col- 
umn gives the total loans to Allies. All figures 
are in billions of dollars. 



War Loans 
Expenditures to Allies 

United States 22 9 

Great Britain & Colonies . . . 36^0 7 

France 24-28 2 

Russia 18-20 

Italy 12-14 

Germany 37-39 

Total 149-163 18 



22 THE A. E. F. 

The cost of the war can also be approximated by 
showing the public debt. 

Public Debt 
Allies Central Powers 

$145,000,000,000 $45,000,000,000 

The war expenses of the United States amounted 
to about one million dollars an hour. 

The total cost of the war to all nations has re- 
cently been estimated at one hundred and eighty- 
five billion dollars. 



CHAPTER II 

amebica's part in the world war 

When the conflagration of war broke out in 
Europe in the summer of 1914, few Americans 
realized how deeply the vital interests of the 
United States would become involved in the 
struggle. On first appearances, the war seemed 
to be purely a European affair, a breaking out of 
the sore of militarism that had been festering in 
the heart of Europe for a score of years. At 
first, there seemed little reason for America to 
depart from her traditional policy of letting 
Europe settle her own difficulties, and in those 
early days few indeed were those who felt that 
America should then plunge into the war. 

Within a few months, however, the issues of the 
war began to clarify ; the rumors as to the German 
outrages in Belgium and France were proved to 
be based on terrible truth ; the whispering of Ger- 
many ^s world ambitions grew into the rumble of 
war as Germany's Mexican and Japanese plots 
were dragged to light. When American citizens 
were murdered on the high seas by German sub- 

23 



24 THE A. E. F. 

marines, and American ships were sunk, the war 
clouds grew darker and more menacing. When, 
in the early days of 1917, Germany announced 
her policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, 
thereby tearing up the basic international law of 
the freedom of the seas and flinging the fragments 
into the face of civilization, the flash of fire 
touched the Western hemisphere. America un- 
sheathed her sword and plunged into the fight 
for Civilization, for Democracy, for International 
Decency. The stirring events that preceded and 
followed America's declaration of war are here 
recorded in chronological order. 

AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 

1914 

August 4 President Wilson declares neutrality of 

United States. 

1915 

February 10.... TJ. S. sends note holding Gennan Govern- 
ment to strict accountability if any U. S. 
vessel is destroyed or any American citi- 
zens lose their lives. 

May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk. 114 Ameri- 
cans lose their lives. 

December 4 United States demands recall of Captain 

Karl Boy-ed (Naval Attache) and Cap- 
tain Franz von Papen (Military Attache). 
Recalled December 13. 



THE A. E. F. 25 

AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 

(Continued) 

1916 

March 24 French steamer Sussex sunk; 80 lost. 

June 3 National Defense Act passed. 

1917 

January 19 Cable to German Ambassador intercepted, re- 
vealing German plot to embroil the U. S. 
in war with Mexico and Japan. 

January 31 Germany announces unrestricted submarine 

warfare within specified zones. 

February 3 United States severs diplomatic relations 

with Germany; Bernstorff dismissed. 

April 6 United States declares war on Germany. 

April 8 Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations 

with United States. 

April 9 American flag carried into battle at Vimy 

Ridge by Gunner Wm. G. Clancy, serv- 
ing with Canadians. 

May 4 American destroyers begin cooperation with 

British Navy in the war zone. 

May 8 Base Hospital Unit No. 4 sailed for France. 

May 18 Selective Service Act signed. 

May 28 General Pershing and Staff sail for France 

aboard Baltic. 

>i June 5 10,000,000 Americans 21-31 years register 

for selective military service. 

June 26 First American troops reach France. 

July 20 Drawing at Washington of numbers for first 

army under selective service. 

October 23 First American artillery shot fired by Bat- 
tery C, 6th F. A. (1st Division), in Lune- 
ville sector, Lorraine. 

October 24 Americans take position in front lines, near 

Sommerville; 1st Battalion of 26th Inf., 



/ 



26 THE A. E. F. 

AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 

1918 (Continued) 

1st Div., under command of Major Theo- 
dore Roosevelt, Jr. 
November 3.... First American battle casualties: Corporal 

Gresham; Privates Enright and Hay 

killed. 
November 17.... 101st Engineers, 26th Division, aid British 

troops to repulse Gennan attack near 

Cambrai. 
December 7 United States declares war on Austria-Hun- 
gary. 

1918 
January 12 U. S. steamship Nyanza sinks a German 

submarine. 
February 5 Troop ship Tuscania carrying United States 

troops torpedoed. 101 lives lost. 

March 1 Americans repulse German attack near Toul. 

March 21— 

April 6 Somme defensive.^ 

March 28 General Pershing puts United States Army 

under orders of Foch. 
April 1 42nd Division takes over 4 kilometer front in 

Baccarat sector. 
April 9 — ^27 . . . .Lj^s defensive.^ 
May 27— 

June 5 Aisne defensive^ (Chemin des Dames and 

northeast of Rheims). 
June 2 Submarines off New Jersey coast sink 10 

vessels. 
June 9 — 

June 13 Montdidier-Noyon defensive.^ 

June 20 U. S. Troops of Sanitary Corps arrive in 

Italy. 

1 Designa-ted by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest 
engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. 



THE A. E. F. 27 

AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 

1918 (Continued) 

July 15— 

July 18 Cbampagne-Marne defensive.^ 

July 18— 

Aug. 6 Aisne-Marne offensive.^ 

Aug. 5 U. S. Troops land at Archangel. 

Aug. 8— 

Nov. 11 Somme offensive.^ 

Aug. 15 U. S. Troops take position in Vladivostok, 

Siberia. 
Aug. 19— 

Nov. 11 Ypres-Lys offensive.^ 

Aug. 18— 

Nov. 11 Oise-Aisne offensive.^ 

Sept. 12 — 16.... St. Mihiel offensive.^ First All- American 

operation. 
Sept. 26— 

Nov. 11 Meuse-Argonne offensive.^ 

Sept. 29 Americans smash Hindenburg line. 

Oct. 24— 

Nov. 4 Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy.^ 

Oct. 11 U. S. transport Otranto torpedoed. 

Nov. 6 Americans capture Sedan. 

Nov. 11 Germany signs armistice. 

1 Designated by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest 
engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. 

These were the more important events of 
America's participation in the World War. The 
complete victory came largely as a result of the 
work of the American Armies. The system of 
organization by which they attained their end, is 
described in the following pages. 



28 THE A. E. F. 

ARMY ORGANIZATION 

All the military forces of the United States are 
under the control of the President, who is Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and the Navy. The 
administration of the Army is directed through 
the Secretary of War who is responsible to the 
President. Assisting the Secretary of War are 
the Chief of Staff and the various other officers of 
the General Staff. 

The thousand needs of the Army are provided 
for through the direction of the General Staff. 
The Adjutant General's Department has charge 
of the records, orders and correspondence of the 
Army; the Inspector General's Department re- 
ports on proficiency and fitness of troops for 
service; the Judge Advocate General's Depart- 
ment is in charge of legal aif airs of the Army and 
its chief as Provost Marshal General of the Army 
had charge of the administration of the draft laws 
passed by Congress. In addition to these three 
departments are the Ordnance, Quartermaster, 
Engineering, Signal Corps and Medical Depart- 
ment, etc., which directly serve the fighting 
branches of the Army. 

The fighting branches of the Service, known as 
**the line," formerly consisted of the Infantry, 
the Field Artillery and the Cavalry, and these 



THE A. E. F. 29 

were generally spoken of as the fighting units. In 
the present war, with the introduction of many 
new means of offense and defense, the term ** fight- 
ing units ^ ^ has come to be applied to the Division, 
the Army Corps or the Army that participated in 
Actual Combat. The Divisions were generally 
first trained in the large camps and cantonments 
in America. 

The Air Ser^dce, Motor Transport Corps, Hos- 
pital Units, Tank Corps and other special units 
received training at various smaller special camps 
in America. After reaching France, these aux- 
iliary units were combined with the divisions to 
form the larger fighting units of the army corps 
and the armies. 

When the United States declared war on Ger- 
many, the immediate task was to raise an adequate 
army; to provide for its housing, its training, its 
equipment, its medical needs and health, its 
amusements and recreations, and finally for its 
participation in the actual fighting operations. 
Less than two hundred thousand men were in the 
military service of the United States when war 
was declared. When the armistice was signed, 
more than three and a half million men were 
serving with the colors. The following table 
shows the growth of the Army between April 6th, 
1917, and November 11th, 1918: 



30 



THE A. E. F. 



Strength of the Army in the United States and in the Expe- 
ditionary Force on the First of Certain Months 



Date 



In United 
States and 

Foreign 
Possessions 



In the 
American 
Expedi- 
tionary Forces 



Total 



1917 

April 1 190,000 

July 1 480,000 

September 1 646,000 

November 1 996,000 

1918 

January 1 1,149,000 

March 1 1,386,000 

May 1 1,529,000 

July 1 1,384,000 

September 1 1,425,000 

November 1 1,672,000 



20,000 

45,000 

104,000 

176,000 
253,000 
424,000 
996,000 
1,576,000 
1,993,000 



190,000 

500,000 

691,000 

1,100,000 

1,325,000 
1,639,000 
1,953,000 
2,380,000 
3,001,000 
3,665,000 



The following table shows the growth of the 
Army according to source : 



Size of Army April 6th, 1917 190,000 

No. of voluntary enlistments (estimated) . . 360,000 
No. entered through National Guard (esti- 
mated) 379,000 

No. inducted through selective conscription . 2,801,000 



No. in Army November 11th, 1918 3,665,000 



Per cent 
of total 
5.1 
9.6 

10.2 
75.1 

100.0 



A third way of showing the increase is by means 
of the following table : 



THE A. E. F. 



31 



Number and Per Cent of Soldiers Coming from Each State 
and from Foreign Possessions ^ 



(Inducted through all sources.) 



State 



Num- Per 

her of cent of 

Troops total 

New York 328,000 9.5 

Pennsylvania ..275,000 8.0 

Illinois 232,000 6.7 

Ohio 185,000 5.4 

Texas 155,000 4.5 

IVIichigan 123,000 3.6 

Missouri 115,000 3.3 

Massachusetts .114,000 3.3 

California 102,000 3.0 

New Jersey 95,000 2.8 

Indiana 93,000 2.7 

Iowa 92,000 2.7 

Wisconsin 87,000 2.5 

Minnesota .... 86,000 2.5 

Georgia 79,000 2.3 

Oklahoma 76,000 2.2 

Kentucky 72,000 2.1 

North Carolina. 71,000 2.1 

Tennessee 70,000 2.0 

Alabama 67,000 1.9 

Virginia 67,000 1.9 

Louisiana 62,000 1.8 

Kansas 59,000 1.7 

Arkansas 59,000 1.7 

Mississippi ... 58,000 1.7 

West Virginia. . 52,000 1.5 

South Carolina. 49,000 1,4 



State 

Connecticut .... 

Maryland 

Nebraska 

Washington . . . 

Montana 

Colorado 

Florida 

South Dakota. . 

Oregon 

North Dakota. . . 

Maine 

Idaho 

Rhode Island . . 

Utah 

Dist. Columbia. 
New Hampshire 
New Mexico . . . 

Wyoming 

Arizona 

Vermont 

Delaware 

Nevada 

Porto Rico 

Hawaii 

Alaska 



Num- Per 
ber of cent of 
Troops total 

44,000 1.3 

43,000 

43,000 

39,000 

34,000 

31,000 

31,000 

28,000 

26,000 

25,000 

22,000 

17,000 

16,000 

16,000 

13,000 

12,000 

12,000 

11,000 

10,000 

9,000 

7,000 

5,000 
16,000 

6,000 

2,000 



1.3 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
.9 
.9 
.8 
.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.1 
.5 
.2 
.1 



Total 3,441,000 100.0 



1 Report of the Secretary of War, 1918. 



32 THE A. E. F. 

To provide for the housing of the Army, sixteen 
tent camps located principally in the South, were 
set up for the use of the National Guard divisions, 
and sixteen cantonments with wooden barracks 
were built at various places throughout the 
country for the use of the National Army divi- 
sions. The building of these camps and canton- 
ments in record time, each with a capacity of 
40,000 men, was one of the great achievements 
of the war. The tent cities cost approximately 
four million dollars each ; the sixteen cantonments 
were built at an average cost of thirteen million 
dollars each. 

For the training and leadership of the new 
army, oJBficers were greatly needed, and to meet 
this demand four officers' training schools were 
conducted and then a continuous school system 
was organized. More than fifty-seven thousand 
commissions were granted to those who completed 
the work of the first three schools. 

The task of providing suitable amusements and 
recreations for the army in training was in the 
hands of the Commission on Training Camp 
Activities. Theaters were erected at each of the 
camps, and the Commission and various war work 
organizations put forth every effort to make the 
camp life as pleasant and interesting as possible. 

Intensive training schedules usually calling for 



THE A. E. F. 33 

forty-four hours of drill or duty a week were fol- 
lowed in all of the camps. Altogether the train- 
ing, equipment, and organization was such as to 
enable the men to enter battle activities very 
shortly after their arrival overseas. 

AMERICA'S LOSSES IN THE WORLD WAR 

War Department Statistics of May 15th, 1919 

A. E. F. U. S. Total 

Killed in action 34,145 34,145 

Died of wounds 14,224 14,224 

Died of disease 23,276 32,737 56,013 

Died of other causes. . . . 4,602 1,756 6,358 

Total dead 76,247 34,493 110,940 

Taken prisoner 4,774 4,774 

Missing' in action 3,937 ^J^'JaL 

Wounded 204,743 204^ 

Grand total 289^ 34,493 324,394 

The figures for the A. E. F. include 1,483 
marines killed in action plus 4,461 other casual- 
ties, a total of 5,944 casualties among the marines. 
The losses in the Army total 318,400. 

The figures for prisoners include fifteen prison- 
ers reported held by the Bolsheviki, of whom four 
are recorded released. Of those held by the 
Central Powers, the records now show 284 died 
during internment and 74 status doubtful. 



34 THE A. E. F. 

The total casualties shown do not represent in- 
dividuals, but casualties reported; as most of 
those who died of wounds were first reported 
wounded, and in many cases men have been 
wounded more than once. 

NAVAL LOSSES 

The following table shows the number of 
American merchant vessels destroyed by the en- 
emy during the war from August 3rd, 1914, to 
November 11th, 1918, giving the method of de- 
struction and the number of lives lost. 

Torpedoed Mined Gun fire, etc. Total Lives Lost 

51 7 87 145 775 

In addition to these numbers, 44 ships of the 
United States Navy were lost during the war, 
with a total loss of 678 lives. 

In comparing the greatest strength of the 
United States Army in the World War with the 
greatest strength of our Army in previous wars, 
the following table will be of interest. 

STRENGTH OF UNITED STATES FORCES IN 
IMPORTANT WARS 

Greatest Total Troops 

Wars Strength Engaged 

Revolution 1775-1783 61,641 ^ 395,858 

War with France 1798-1800 .... 4,593 2 

1 Includes 6,000 French troops. 

2 Includes naval forces. 



THE A. E. F. 35 

War with Tripoli 1801-1805 .... 3,330 2 

War with Great Britain 1812- 

1815 382,766 2 509,808 2 

War with Mexico 1846-1848... 100,454 116,029 
Civil War 1861-1865 

Northern Forces 1,000,516 2,683,749 

Southern Forces 756,000 1,000,000 

Spanish-American War 1898... 252,433 277,904 

World War 1917-1918 3,670,888 4,800,000 2 

2 Includes naval forces. 

The statistics of greatest strength as given 
above should not be confused with the statistics of 
total troops engaged. The second column includes 
total enlistments, where one man might enlist two, 
three or more times. 

In comparing the casualties of the United States 
in the World War with casualties in earlier wars 
the following table may be of interest. Direct 
comparisons are difficult, because in the earlier 
wars of the United States different systems of re- 
cording casualties were in use : 

CASUALTIES IN IMPORTANT WARS 
Killed in 
Battle 

Revolution 3,225 

War of 1812 1,877 

Mexican War 4,102 

Civil War 

Northern.. 67,058 
Southern.. 77,000 1 
Spanish- American .... 6,271 

World War 48,369 

1 Approximate figures. 



Wounded 


Total Casualties 


5,795 


9,020 1 


4,000 1 


5,877 1 


39,197 


41,299 


144,317 


541,375 ^ 


150,000 1 


600,000 1 


17,642 


28,227 


204,743 


324,394 



36 THE A. E. F. 

Considerable interest centers about the losses 
sustained in the great engagements of the recent 
war as compared with losses in other great Ameri- 
can wars. General March, Chief of Staff, in his 
press interview of April 12, 1919, furnished the 
following data: 

CASUALTIES IN GREAT AMERICAN BATTLES 

Chickamauga 28. per cent. 

Shiloh 24. per cent. 

Murfreesboro 23. per cent. 

Gettysburg- 20. per cent. 

Argonne-Meuse 18.3 per cent. 




General Pershing 



CHAPTEE III 

SYSTEM OF COMMAND 

Organization of the American Expeditionary 

Forces 

All the troops in Europe were directly under 
the control of General John J. Pershing, who was 
Commander-in-Chief of the American Expe- 
ditionary Forces. General Headquarters were 
maintained at Chaumont and at these Head- 
quarters originated all the orders which directed 
the activities of the two million troops in France. 

To direct the activities of the fighting forces, 
three Armies were organized. An American 
Army is commanded by a lieutenant general, and 
consists usually of three Army Corps plus about 
thirty auxiliary units. The most important of the 
auxiliary units are the Army and Headquarters 
Troops, a regiment of Pioneer Infantry, Field 
Artillery brigade, a squadron of Cavalry, a regi- 
ment of Engineers, an Air Park with pursuit 
bombing and observation groups. Tanks, an Army 
Eegional Eeplacement Depot, Quartermaster and 
Ordnance depots, Telegraph Battalions, Post- 
; 37 



38 THE A. E. F. 

offices, Remount Squadrons, Base Hospitals and 
numerous small units. An American Army at 
full war strength contains approximately 400,000 
men. 

Next to the Army, the largest fighting unit is 
the Army Corps. Nine Army Corps were or- 
ganized as part of the three Armies of the A. E. F. 
Each Army Corps is commanded by a major gen- 
eral, and consists of fiYe or more divisions plus 
about twenty-five auxiliary units. In an offensive 
three divisions are usually used in the front lines 
and one or two divisions are held in reserve. The 
auxiliary units of an Army Corps include Corps 
Troops and Corps Headquarters Troops, a Pio- 
neer Infantry and an Engineer regiment, a troop 
of Cavalry, an Artillery park and corps Artillery, 
a Balloon company and an Aero squadron. Corps 
Military Police, a Motor Supply Train, Ordnance 
and Motor repair shops, mobile veterinary hos- 
pitals, ambulance companies and field hospitals.^ 
The war strength of an Army Corps is approx- 
imately 120,000 men. 

The smallest and most mobile fighting unit of 
the Army is the division. It contains approxi- 

1 other auxiliary units are anti-aircraft machine-gun and anti- 
aircraft artillery battalions, a remount depot, a bakery com- 
pany, a troop transport train, a telegraph battalion, a field signal 
battalion, a photo section and a sales commissary unit. 



THE A. E. F. 39 

mately 28,000 men, with a Division Headquarters 
troop, two Infantry Brigade Headquarters, four 
Infantry regiments, three Machine-Gun battalions, 
one Field Artillery brigade Headquarters, three 
Field Artillery regiments, one Trench Mortar 
battalion, one Engineer regiment, one Field 
Signal battalion, one Train Headquarters, two 
Military Police companies, one Ammunition train, 
one Supply train, one Engineer train, one Sani- 
tary train with four Ambulance companies and 
four Field Hospitals, Quartermaster corps and 
Ordnance units, and a number of small detach- 
ments. 

The relationship of these units in the Army or- 
ganization is shown by the accompanying illus- 
tration. The Argonne-Meuse offensive was one 
of five great offensives launched on the 26th of 
September, 1918, at the command of General 
Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies. 
He passed his order to General Pershing; Gen- 
eral Pershing passed the order to the Commander 
of the First American Army; the Commander of 
the First Army passed the order to the Com- 
mander of each of the three corps of the First 
Army ; the Commander of each of these corps gave 
the order to the General in command of each of 
the three front line divisions in each Army Corps. 
By this distribution of orders, therefore, at the 



40 THE A. E. F. 

appointed hour the attack was simultaneously 
launched by nine divisions assisted by the 
auxiliary units of the three Army Corps and the 
First Army. 

Another way of showing the interrelation of 
the various organizations is atforded by the fol- 
lowing description : 

How an Offensive Battle is Fought 

Preparations for an offensive begin several 
weeks before the initial attack is made. Vast 
dumps of reserve food and munitions must be 
brought up to places where they will be available ; 
troops must be brought in; guns and artillery of 
all kinds must be placed and hidden; tanks and 
balloons must be brought forward, and all these 
movements and preparations must be made under 
the cover of darkness, as the success of an attack 
depends largely upon the element of surprise. 

If the attack is scheduled for daybreak, the ar- 
tillery barrage is usually laid down at about two 
A. M. with the field artillery firing on the area in 
front of our trenches in order to demolish enemy 
trenches and fortifications, cut the barb- wire and 
cause the enemy to withdraw. At the same 
time the heavy artillery directs its fire on the back 
areas of the enemy territory in an effort to pre- 
vent reenforcements or munitions being brought 




f^RqorifiL - (^iLUSEi- 'fRonx 



Chart Showing Co-ordination of Military Forces 



THE A. E. F. 41 

forward, and to destroy ammunition dumps and 
hostile artillery. The artillery usually sends over 
three kinds of shells — shrapnel, gas and high 
explosives. 

At the hour of the infantry attack, which is often 
called the H. or the zero hour, the barrage is lifted 
and becomes a rolling barrage, i.e., the range of 
the artillery is lengthened and the shells fall fur- 
ther and further back into the enemy territory. 
As the barrage is lifted, the tanks snort forth 
from their camouflage or through the smoke 
screen that has been thrown up and go bobbing 
across No Man^s Land, flattening the barb wire 
for the Infantry advance and directing their fire 
against hostile machine-gun nests. After the 
tanks have advanced a little, the order *^Up and 
at 'em'' is passed along, and the doughboys go 
over the top, not in mass formation, but in thinned 
lines which are known as waves. The first wave 
goes forward a certain distance and then ^ ^flops'' 
and opens fire on the enemy, then the second wave 
follows and then the third. The first wave then 
makes a second advance and the others follow 
according to a prearranged plan. The machine- 
gunners of each regiment advance with the In- 
fantry and set up their guns at the first oppor- 
tunity. The Trench Mortars direct their fire 
against hostile machine-gun nests, and the 



42 THE A. E. F. 

Machine-Gun battalions, attached to the Infantry 
brigade making the advance, fire on the enemy 
if visible, or hold themselves ready to repulse a 
possible counter-attack by the enemy. 

Behind the machine-guns, artillery is keeping 
up its fire, and with the coming of daylight it is 
no longer directed by rockets and flares sent up 
by the infantry, but by the balloons which have 
risen high in the air behind the artillery. The 
balloons are the eyes of the artillery and they 
observe the effect of its fire, record hits, and 
advise the commander of artillery. 

The heavy artillery now lessens its fire and the 
aeroplanes enter the battle. Observation and 
photographic planes go over the enemy lines to 
observe the movement of reserves, the fortifica- 
tions of the enemy and the result of the barrage. 
Fighting or pursuit planes endeavor to keep the 
enemy planes from crossing our lines and making 
observations, or they go across the enemy ^s line 
to set fire to their observation balloons which are 
directing the fire of the enemy artillery against 
our advancing troops. While our aeroplanes are 
away, perhaps chasing a decoy, another hostile 
plane will soar across the lines, and despite the 
fire of machine-guns, anti-aircraft guns and ar- 
tillery will swoop down on one of our observation 



THE A. E. F. 43 

balloons, set it on fire and speed back across the 
lines. As a result of this a battery of artillery is 
temporarily silenced and the doughboys may ad- 
vance for a while without the protection of this 
barrage. 

When the infantry reach their objective, usually 
near the limit of artillery protection, they estab- 
lish a line in captured trenches or dig-in and hold 
the line against counter-attacks until the artillery 
can be advanced and the attack go forward again. 
While the infantry is advancing or digging in, 
there is great activity behind the American lines.* 
The medical men follow the infantry, giving first 
aid to the wounded, carrying them to the dressing 
stations or to the field hospitals — if snipers are 
not too plentiful and the shelling is light. If the 
line of advance is still swept by machine-gun fire 
the wounded may be placed in shell holes or in 
other protected places, or they may remain where 
they fell until they can be carried back under cover 
of darkness. The engineers of the division, as- 
sisted by the engineer and the pioneer infantry of 
the corps, start work on the shell torn roads, 
searching for mines, building bridges and filling 
shell holes so that the roads can be made passable. 
Over heavily shelled, rough, wooded or swampy 
areas, the rate of advance depends largely upon 



44 THE A. E. F. 

the speed with which the roads can be made suffi- 
ciently passable so that artillery and ammunition 
and food can be rushed forward. 

Meanwhile the Signal Corps men are laying new 
wires or repairing the old wires where ruined by 
shell fire ; military police are taking prisoners to 
the examining stations; the trucks are endeavor- 
ing to bring munition and supplies forward; the 
ambulances are taking wounded to the rear; the 
heavy railroad artillery is laying new tracks ; the 
field artillery and balloon men are preparing their 
new forward positions. With shells falling, hos- 
tile aircraft often soaring overhead, the whole 
battle area from front to rear is a scene of 
activity. 

During the night the wounded are taken into 
the dressing stations or field hospitals, and the 
dead are brought in, identified and buried. The 
infantry brigade, which has been in reserve, 
moves forward and relieves the brigade which has 
advanced during the day. The wagon trains 
move forward with their kitchens and supplies; 
the Signal Corps work with their rockets and 
flares ; the artillery move forward and take a new 
position. At the appointed hour, the barrage is 
laid down and all the sinews of war are set for 
another attack. 

The plan of battle described and illustrated 



fS 



in F\ M i- ^ ^ "" ^ 







TDiviaioM H 



□ D D 



Os... 



o^,z. 


- \ 


''' " o- 


® 


1 


Xli^ii&'Ort *C 


I\ivii5\ort 'b 




d'd'd 


□ CD n 


1 





o 




Sketch Showing Location of Units of an Army Corps 
IN Offensive Battle Formation 



THE A. E. F. 45 

in the accompanying sketch is roughly the plan 
followed in the Argonne-Meuse, the offensive with 
which the writer is most familiar. Other offen- 
sives may vary widely in details because of a 
different terrain, but the offensive outlined above 
illustrates the tactical principles employed and 
gives an idea of general battle formation. 

, The Zone System 

From front to rear the fighting area is roughly 
divided into three belts: between the front lines 
and about fiYe miles in the rear, the area is known 
as the Zone of Advance ; from five miles to twenty- 
five miles back is known as the Advance Sector; 
and behind this the country is commonly called 
the Back Area, but officially known as the Inter- 
mediate Area. All other territory occupied by 
the Americans, with the exception of special areas 
such as General Headquarters, District of Paris 
and the various training areas, is designated as 
the ^'S. 0. S.'^ (Service of Supply). 

The divisions in combat occupy the front lines, 
the various army corps troops operate within the 
Zone of Advance and forward to the Front lines, 
and the army troops and army units usually 
operate within the Advance Sector and forward 
to the Front Line. Field hospitals are usually lo- 



46 THE A. E. P. 

cated within the Zone of Advance ; evacuation hos- 
pitals within the Advance Sector, and base 
hospitals in the Intermediate Area or S. 0. S. 

The Advance Sector is the most forward zone or 
district that has adopted an insignia. Within this 
area are most of the railheads and advance ord- 
nance and quartermaster dumps. Here are lo- 
cated most of the fields for aero- 
planes used in the fighting opera- 
tions. Here also are stationed 
evacuation hospitals and regional 
replacement depots. The more 
forward parts of the area are 
subject to shell fire from the larger guns of the 
enemy, and the railheads and aeroplane fields of 
the zone are favorite goals for the night flying 
enemy bombers. The insignia adopted by this 
sector is a Lorraine Cross in red on a field of blue 
surrounded by a black circle, the white letters 
**A. S.^^ on either side of cross denoting 
^^ Advance Sector.'' 

The General Headquarters of the A. E. F. was 
located at Chaumont. It was here 
that General Pershing and his 
staff had their offices, and it was 
here that all the general orders 
originated and the general execu- 





THE A. E. F. 47 

tive functions of the A. E. F. were performed. 
Near General Headquarters, at Langres, was held 
the largest officers' training school of the A. E. 
F. The insignia of the General Headquarters is 
a circle divided horizontally with three equal sec- 
tions of red, white and blue, the white in the 
center. 

The District of Paris, like the S. 0. S., is an 
area under a special command. Brig.-General 
Wm. W. Harts is in command of the District. 
The District contains several of 
the most noted American hospi- 
tals in France, and the headquar- 
ters of most of the war work or- 
ganizations. Large Quartermas- 
ter Ordnance storehouses are 
also located here. Military po- 
lice and Marines, acting as military police, com- 
prise a considerable proportion of the resident 
military population. The officers, nurses and 
soldiers of this district are authorities on air raids 
and the work of *^Big Bertha. '' During hostili- 
ties and for a long period following the armistice, 
the District of Paris was a forbidden area for the 
vast majority of the enlisted men of the A. E. F. 
The insignia of the District of Paris is a white 
fleur-de-lys on a pennant-shaped field of black. 




48 THE A. E. F. 

The region of the S. 0. S. (taking its name from 
the organization known as the Service of Supply) 
was the most extensive of any of the areas in 
France. The S. O. S. was under 
^^^fW^t I ^^^ command of Major General 
I ■■■ BBB / Harbord, with headquarters at 
\ mJLflJ / Tours. The area was subdivided 
into eight Base Sections corre- 
sponding to the eight ports which the Amer- 
icans used in bringing men and material into 
France. In the S. O. S. are all the wharves, 
the storehouses, the debarkation (later embarka- 
tion camps), many replacement camps, base hos- 
pitals, American railroad centers, American 
prison camps, etc., etc. The population of the 
S. 0. S., including those in hospitals, camps, etc., 
varied from 700,000 to over a million men. The 
speed and efficiency with which men, material 
and munitions were brought from the ports to the 
fighting areas was a very large factor in the 
American victories. The insignia is a conven- 
tionalized monogram of the letters *^S. 0. S.'* in 
blue on a field of red which is horizontal at the 
bottom, rounded at the top and larger at the top 
than at the bottom. 

The Central Eecords Office was located at 
Bourges. In busiest times more than 10,000 




THE A. E. P. 49 

enlisted men were employed here locating lost 
service records, compiling vital statistics, and 
keeping records of the names 
and careers of every man in the 
A. E. F. The central post-office 
was also located at Bourges. 
The insignia is a shield sur- 
mounted by an eagle, both in- 
closed in a diamond of blue. The eagle is of gold, 
and on the shield are silver bars. 

The Three Armies 

All the combatant troops of the A. E. F. were 
under the command of one of three armies. Brief 
histories of these three armies are presented 
herewith. 

FIRST AR^fY 

The First Army was organized August 10th, 
1918, and was under the command 
of General Pershing until October 
12th, when Lieutenant General 
Hunter Liggett took over the com- 
mand. Until September 23rd, the 
Army held the front from Toul to 
St. Menehould, but on that date it 
was concentrated in the Argonne sector. In both 
the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives, the 
First Army was composed of the First, Third and 




50 THE A. E. F. 

Fifth Corps. After the armistice, the First Army 
was composed of the First, Fifth and Eighth 
Corps with Army Headquarters at Bar-sur-Aube. 
The insignia of this Army is a block letter ^* A'' 
of black cloth, four inches high, three inches wide. 
Special markings for Engineers, Q. M. C, Ord- 
nance, Medical and other departments are pre- 
scribed to be worn under the cross bar, between 
the two legs of the ** A. *' 

SECOND ARMY 

The Second Army was formed October 10th, 
1918, and was put under the command of Lieu- 
tenant General Eobert Lee BuUard on October 
R^ 12th. This Army took over the 
eastern part of the Toul-St. Mene- 
hould front from the First Army. 
Its sector was considered quiet until 
November 10th, when an offensive 
■ movement was started. Prior to 
the armistice, the Second Army was 
composed of the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh 
Corps, and covered the sector from Toul to the 
Argonne. This Army was to conduct the Metz 
offensive scheduled for November 14th, 1918. 
After the armistice, the Second Army was com- 
posed of the Sixth and Ninth Corps with Head- 
quarters at Toul. 



THE A. E. F. 51 

The insignia of the Second Army is a block 
figure **2'* divided into two equal color bands, red 
above and white below. 

THIRD ARMY 

The Third Army was organized as the Army 
of Occupation on November 14th, 1918, and is com- 
manded by Major General 
Joseph T. Dickman. It is com- 
posed of the Third, Fourth and 
Seventh Corps, with Head- 
quarters at Coblenz. 

The insignia of the Third 
Army is a white letter **A'' 
centered in a red circle O, the whole on a 
background of blue. The colors red, white and 
blue represent the national colors, and the *^A'* 
and **C stand for Army of Occupation. 

The Ni/ne Army Corps 
As the fighting troops are divided first into 
armies, the Armies are in turn divided into Army 
Corps and auxiliary units. The Army Corps are 
again composed of divisions and auxiliary units. 
Brief histories of the nine Army Corps organized 
inthe A. E.F. follow: 

FIRST CORPS 

The First Corps was organized January 20th, 




52 



THE A. E. F. 



1918, and was commanded by Lieutenant General 
Hunter Liggett (then Major General), Major Gen- 
eral J. T. Dickman, and Major 
General W. M. Wright. At the 
opening of the Meuse-Argonne of- 
fensive, September 26th, 1918, the 
corps was composed of the 28th, 
35th, 77th, 82nd and 92nd Di- 
visions. At various times 17 divisions have been 
attached to the corps for operations. 

The insignia of the First Corps is a brown circle 
superimposed on a larger white circle. 




SECOND CORPS 

The Second Corps was organized February 
22nd, 1918, and was commanded by Major General 

George W. Eead. This 
corps, which was composed 
of the 27th and 30th Divi- 
sions during a greater part 
of the war, operated with the 
Fourth British Army south of Cambrai and T^^th 
the Second British Army around Ypres. 

The insignia is an eagle and a lion with a Eoman 
*^II'^ between them, in white on a blue field. The 
combination of the American eagle and the British 
lion symbolizes the associations of the Second 
Corps with the British Army. 





THE A. E. F. 53 

THIRD CORPS 

The Third Corps was organized May 8th, 1918, 
and was commanded by Lieutenant General E. L. 
Bullard (then Major General), 
Major General W. M. Wright 
and Major General J. L. Hines. 
At the time of the Argonne- 
Mense offensive, September 
26th, 1918, the corps was com- 
posed of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 33rd and 80th Divisions. 
Eighteen different divisions operated with the 
corps at one time and another during this offen- 
sive. 

The insignia of the Third Corps is a three- 
pointed star, the center triangle, formed from the 
base lines, being in white, the points in blue. 

FOURTH CORPS 

The Fourth Corps was organized June 20th, 
1918 and was commanded by Major General J. T. 
Dickman and Major General 
Charles H. Muir. At the time 
of the Argonne-Meuse offensive, 
September 26th, 1918, the corps 
was composed of the 2nd, 5th, 
42nd, 78th, 89th and 90th Divi- 
sions. Twenty-five divisions were used in the 
corps * operations at different times. 




54 THE A. E. F. 

The insignia of the Fourth Corps is a circle 
divided into four segments by diameters crossed 
at an angle of 90 degrees, the up and down opposed 
angles being in white, the opposed angles at the 
sides being in blue. 

FIFTH CORPS 

The Fifth Corps was organized July 10th, 1918, 
and was under the command of 
Major General W. M. Wright, 
Major General George H. Cam- 
eron, Major General C. P. Sum- 
merall. At the time of the Ar- 
gonne-Meuse offensive the corps 
was composed of the 29th, 32nd, 37th, 79th, and 
91st Divisions. At various times 18 divisions 
operated with the corps. 

The insignia is five triangles with a common 
focus forming a regular pentagon. General offi- 
cers wear gold triangles and piping on white back- 
ground. Corps staff officers have all triangles 
blue on white background, with gold piping. Offi- 
cers of corps troops have lower base triangle in 
varied colors to denote arm of service, other 
triangles blue on white background, with piping in 
varied colors to show arm of service. Enlisted 
men wear same insignia as officers, but without 
piping. 





THE A. E. F. 55 

SIXTH OOKPS 

The Sixth Corps was organized August 1st, 
1918, and was commanded by Major General Omar 
Bundy, Major General Charles C. Ballou (com- 
manding 92nd Division, the only division in the 
Corps before the armistice), and Major General 
Adelbert Cronkhite. After the 
armistice, the Corps was com- 
posed of the 92nd, 88th, 7th, 28th, 
5th and 33rd Divisions. (These 
divisions operated with other 
Corps before being attached to 
the Sixth Corps.) The last two days of combat, 
the corps started activity in the Vosges. 

The insignia of the Sixth Corps is a white figure 
*^6*' in a blue circle two inches in diameter. 

SEVENTH CORPS 

The Seventh Corps was organ- 
ized August 20th, 1918. It was 
commanded by Major General W. 
M. Wright, Major General Omar 
Bundy and Major General Wil- 
liam G. Haan. It was composed 
of the 6th, 81st and 88th Divisions 
in the Vosges sector. 

The insignia of the Seventh Corps is a figure 
* * 7 ' ' in white on a blue shield. 




56 



THE A. E. F. 




EIGHTH CORPS 

The Eighth Corps was organ- 
ized November 29th, 1918, and is 
commanded by Major General 
Henry T. Allen. It is composed 
of the 6th, 77th and 81st Divi- 
sions. 



The insignia is the figure 
octagonal background of blue. 



iiQJI 



8'' in white on 



NINTH CORPS 

The Ninth Corps was organ- 
ized November 26th, 1918, and is 
commanded by Major General 
Joseph E. Kuhn. It included 
the 33rd, 35th, 88th and 79th Di- 
visions. 

The insignia is a monogram design embodying 
the Eoman numeral **IX'' set in a circle, the 
design in red on a dark blue circular background. 




It may be of interest to know the number of 
division, corps, army and S. 0. S. troops that took 
part in actual fighting. The following table ap- 
peared in the Army and Navy Journal, March 
15th, 1919. 




Map Showing VVHEUt the Major Engagements of the A. E. V. \Vi lu F()U(;iii 



THE A. E. F. 57 

Number of U. S. Troops That Took Part in Actual Fighting 

Division Troops (including replacements) 1,100,000 

Corps and Army Troops 240,000 

Service of Supply 50,000 



Total U. S. Troops taking part in action against the 
enemy 1,390,000 

The Tivelve Greatest Engagements of the American Expedi- 
tionary Forces as Designated by General Pershing in 
Orders of the American Expeditionary Forces 

1. Somme Defensive March 21 — April 6, 1918 

2. Lys Defensive April 9— April 27, 1918 

3. Aisne Defensive (Chemin des Dames and Northeast of 

Rheims) May 27— June 5, 1918 

4. Montdidier-Noyon Defensive June 9 — June 13, 1918 

5. Champagne-Marne Defensive July 15 — July 18, 1918 

6. Aisne- Marne Offensive July 18 — August 6, 1918 

7. Somme Offensive August 8 — November 11, 1918 

8. Oise- Aisne Offensive August 18 — November 11, 1918 

9. Ypres-Lys Offensive August 19 — November 11, 1918 

10. St. Miliiel Offensive. . .September 12— September 16, 1918 

11. Meuse-Argonne Offensive 

September 26— November 11, 1918 

12. Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy 

October 24— November 4, 1918 

The map on the following pages indicates by 
number the location of the greatest American en- 
gagements listed above. 

In their various engagements, the American 
forces captured 44,934 prisoners, and over 14,000 
guns, liowitzers and trench mortars. 



CHAPTER IV 

THE AMERICAN DIVISIONS 

The Division as a Fighting Unit 

The World War will differ from other wars in 
American history in that its achievements will be 
written in terms of divisions rather than in terms 
of regiments as was usually the case in the Civil 
War and other great wars. 

In modern warfare, the inter-dependence of the 
different branches of the service is greater than 
ever before. Infantry cannot successfully fight 
without the aid of artillery, machine-guns, signal 
arrangements, and the dozen other forces neces- 
sary to make an attack. The vast number of men 
used in modern warfare cannot be foraged in a 
war-ruined country, nor can the enormous quanti- 
ties of ammunition necessary be carried by man 
or beast. To meet these conditions, every modern 
army is made up of divisions. The numbers vary 
from about 14,000 men per division in the French 
and German armies to about 28,000 men in each 
American Division. The division is always an or- 

58 



THE A. E. P. 59 

ganized unit — about half Infantrymen, one-fourth 
Artillery, Trench Mortar and Machine-Gun men, 
and one-fourth units which assist the others by 
building roads, bridges, providing signal com- 
munications, ammunition, supplies, hospital and 
ambulance accommodations, etc. In the division 
every unit is directly dependent upon another, and 
it has been this inter-dependence which has largely 
developed divisional spirit and has made the divi- 
sion the modern fighting unit. 

With the exception of the Eegular Army Divi- 
sions, most of the divisions were organized and 
trained at some particular camp in the States; 
each division went overseas as a division ; finished 
its training in France usually as a division, and 
in practically all the engagements except the 
earliest ones, fought as a division. 

An Army is an ever changing unit; an Army 
Corps may have a dozen different divisions com- 
posing it within a month, but a division is as 
nearly stable a unit as is known in modern war- 
fare. 

Because of the interest which centers about the 
division, the following table showing the organi- 
zation may be instructive. Minor changes are 
constantly being made, but the table below is 
approximately correct. 



60 



THE A. E. F. 



WAR STRENGTH OF AN AMERICAN INFANTRY 

DIVISION 

No. , No. No. Total 

of Name officers men strength 

units in unit in unit all units 

1 Division Headquarters 42 105 147 

1 Headquarters Troop 3 122 125 

2 Infantry Brigade Headq'rt'rs 5 20 50 
4 Infantry Regiments 114 3,720 15,336 

3 Machine Gun Battalions 16 377 1,179 

1 Field Artillery Brigade Hdqrs 9 54 63 

3 Field Artillery Regiments.... 72 1,710 5,346 

1 Trench Mortar Battalion 5 172 177 

1 Engineers^ Regiment 51 1,646 1,697 

1 Train Headquarters and Mili- 
tary Police 15 359 374 

1 Ammunition Train 38 1,295 1,333 

1 Engineers' Train 2 82 84 

1 Supply Train 16 485 501 

1 Sanitary Train 51 900 951 

2 Sanitary Squads 2 26 56 

1 Field Signal Battalion 15 473 488 

Total strength of Division 27,907 

EQUIPMENT OF A DIVISION 

75 pieces of field artillery 
72 machine-guns 
19,000 rifles 

192 automatic rifles 

220 rounds of ammunition carried for each rifle in the di- 
vision 
8,000 pistols or automatic revolvers 
480 trench knives 



THE A. E. F. 61 

7,000 horses and mules 
1,000 wagons 

750 motor vehicles 

320 cycles 

The net length of a complete division moving in 
column of route is approximately 20 miles. 

Organization and Work of a Division 

An Infantry Division is commanded by a Major 
General. Assisted by his statf he directs the work 
and activities of the division. The enlisted men 
attached to Division Headquarters are men whose 
training enables them to be of greatest value to 
the staif officers. These men care for the greater 
part of the ^' paper work'' of a division, including 
compiling of payrolls, statistics of casualties, divi- 
sional records, etc. Attached to Division Head- 
quarters is a post-office detachment and the Ord- 
nance and Quartermaster men who conduct the 
Divisional Supply Dump. The men of the Head- 
quarters Troop are the mounted orderlies of the 
staff officers. Others run the staff cars, serve as 
dispatch bearers and do important guard duty. 

The chief aim of a division is to make the work 
of the Infantry effective, and the special direction 
of the Infantry is in the hands of two Brigadier 
Generals, each commanding an Infantry brigade 
composed of two Infantry regiments and Brigade 



62 THE A. E. F. 

Headquarters. The immediate commander of 
each of the two Infantry regiments is a Colonel. 
Each regiment contains 12 ^^Line'* companies of 
250 men each, a machine-gun company, a supply 
company, and a Headquarters company which con- 
tains the regimental band and small detachments 
of bombers and sappers, signal corps men. Trench 
Mortar men, intelligence men, pioneers and medi- 
cal men. The Infantry-men (or Doughboys) are 
armed with rifles and automatic revolvers, and 
sometimes with automatic rifles and hand gre- 
nades. It is the doughboys who make the ** hop- 
over'' (i.e. go over the top), and it is the 
doughboys who do the hand to hand fighting, 
suffer the greatest losses, endure the most severe 
hardships, win the most medals, and to whom is 
justly accorded the greatest credit in time of 
battle. 

There are three Machine-Gun Battalions at- 
tached to each division; one is attached to each 
Infantry brigade, and one is attached to division 
Headquarters. In an offensive, part of the 
machine-guns are advanced with the Infantry, 
while other machine-guns are placed in reserve to 
break up a counter-attack and protect the In- 
fantry. The machine-gun has been one of the 
most effective of the newer weapons extensively 
used in the present war. 



THE A. E. F. 63 

The Artillery of a division normally consists of 
two regiments of light Artillery shooting three- 
inch shells and one regiment of heavy Artillery 
shooting 3.8-inch shells or larger. These three 
regiments are brigaded together and are com- 
manded by a Brigadier General. In the present 
war, practically all of the American Field Ar- 
tillery used the famous ** French 75'' which shoots 
a shell nearly three inches in diameter. The Field 
Artillery is usually stationed from a half mile to 
five miles behind the Infantry. It is chiefly used 
to destroy fortifications and, by means of the bar- 
rage, to drive the enemy back before the advance 
of the Infantry. 

The Trench Mortar Battalion of a division is 
attached to the Artillery brigade. It is especially 
useful in destroying trenches and in blowing up 
machine-gun emplacements. 

The Engineers of a division are divided into 
bridge builders, road makers, etc. In performing 
these duties, they have a most important part in 
battle operations. Sometimes an Infantry ad- 
vance is not possible until the engineers have 
bridged a stream or a swamp. Often the rate of 
the advance of the Infantry is dependent upon the 
speed with which the Engineers make shell-torn 
roads passable so that Artillery, ammunition and 
supplies can go forward. Because of the im- 



64: THE A. E. F. 

portance of their work, the Engineers are often 
working under heavy shell fire. On several oc- 
casions during the war, American Engineers 
dropped their tools, seized their rifles and turned 
the tide of battle. 

The trains of a division are in charge of a 
Colonel who is known as Commander of Trains. 
The Ammunition Train, Supply Train and Sani- 
tary Train have Lieutenant Colonels as their im- 
mediate commanders, and the Colonel has direct 
command of Train Headquarters and the Military 
Police. 

In battle operations, the Military Police have 
three specific duties : they convey prisoners from 
the Front lines where they were captured by the 
Infantry to the Divisional intelligence and examin- 
ing post, and thence to the temporary prison pen. 
The second task is picking up stragglers, ex- 
amining suspicious persons and directing walking 
wounded to the first aid stations. The third and 
perhaps most important duty is keeping the roads 
clear and traffic moving according to changing 
priority orders. This work includes enforcing 
orders as to one-way traffic and shuttle roads, or- 
ganizing forces to move mired trucks, etc. The 
cross-roads where the M. P.'s have their posts are 
favorite targets for the enemy's guns. The en- 
listed men of Train Headquarters serve as M. P. 's 



THE A. E. F. 65 

in emergencies and do the Headquarters work for 
the various Trains. 

The Ammunition Train consists normally of 
four wagon companies and four truck companies. 
This very important unit carries rifle ammunition 
to the Infantry, and shells to the Artillery. 
Usually, the moving of ammunition is accom- 
plished under cover of darkness, but in the big 
offensives the ammunition trucks are kept going 
day and night. 

The Supply Train of the division is entirely mo- 
torized and carries rations and forage from the 
dumps as far forward as it is possible to go. The 
work of these trains, traveling over miry and 
shell torn roads and often under shell fire, is 
dangerous, hard and important work. 

The small Engineers Train is usually attached 
to the Engineers regiment and is kept more than 
busy hauling supplies, etc. 

The Sanitary Train of a division consists of 
four field hospitals and four ambulance com- 
panies. The wounded are brought from the bat- 
tlefield to these hospitals where the wounds or 
first aid dressings are inspected. Here the pa- 
tients generally receive their injection of anti- 
tetanus serum, emergency operations are per- 
formed, and then the wounded are sent back in the 
ambulances to the evacuation hospital, and trans- 



66 THE A. E. F. 

ported from there by train to a base hospital. 
Ked Cross doctors frequently assist the regular 
Army physicians in this work. The wonderful 
and merciful work of these units cannot be praised 
too highly. 

Although the Field Signal Battalion is one of 
the smaller units of a division, its work is of 
great interest and importance, because with the 
Signal Corps rests largely the communication of 
the division. In many cases the Signal Corps 
men work ahead of the Infantry, laying telephone 
wires. By utilizing telephones, telegraph, buzzer 
system, wireless, pigeons, fireworks and motor 
cycles, the lines of communication between the 
Infantry and the Artillery and their branches and 
Headquarters are kept open and working, and 
through the cooperation of all the units, the divi- 
sion is maintained a highly efficient responsive 
fighting machine. 

The success of this cooperation between the 
dozen units which comprise a division is reflected 
in the official histories of the divisions recorded in 
the following pages: 

At the signing of the armistice, fifty-five 
American divisions had been organized, forty full 
divisions had come across seas, and parts of three 
more were in Europe. Of the divisions which 



THE A. E. F. 67 

came across seas, thirty engaged in actual combat. 
According to the original plan, the divisions de- 
veloped out of the Eegular Army were numbered 
1-20 and called Eegular Army Divisions. The 
divisions developed out of the National Guard 
were numbered 26-42 and were called National 
Guard Divisions. The divisions formed from the 
men who entered under selective conscription 
were numbered from 76 up and called National 
Army Divisions. On August 5th, 1918, by order 
of the Secretary of War, these distinctive titles 
were abolished. ** United States Army'* became 
the only official designation of all divisions and or- 
ganizations. 



BRIEF HISTOEIES OF THE AMEEICAN 

DIVISIONS 

(Compiled from Official Records.)^ 

FIRST DIVISION 

The First Division was organized as a branch of 
the Regular Army. 
Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, 
I June 27th, 1917. Commander, Briga- 

Idier General Frank Parker. Activi- 
ties : Somerville sector, ten kilometers 
southeast of Nancy, October 21st to 
November 20th, 1917 ; Ansauville sec- 
tor, January 15th to April 3rd, 1918; 
Cantigny sector, April 25th to July 
7th (battle of Cantigny, May 28th to 
30th; Soissons operation, Marne counter-offen- 
sive, July 18th to 24th; Sazerais sector, August 
7th to 24th; St. Mihiel operation, September 12th 
and 13th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, October 1st 
to 12th; operations against Mouzon, November 
5th and 6th; operation south and southwest of 
Sedan, November 7th and 8th; march on Coblenz t 

1 First published Official Histories of the American Divisions 
appeared in Stars and Stripes of January 19th, 1918, and subse- 
quent issues. 

68 




, THE A. E. F. 69 

bridgehead, November 17th to December 15th, 
1918. 

Prisoners captured total: 165 officers, 6,304 
men. Guns captured: 343 pieces of artillery, 
1,350 machine guns. The total advance against 
resistance, 31 kilometers. The casualties: Bat- 
tle deaths, 4,204, wounded 19,141. Total 23,345. 
D. S. C. awards total 300. 

Division insignia is a design with the crimson 
figure ^^1'' on khaki background, chosen because 
the numeral ^*1'' represents the number of the 
division and many of its subsidiary organizations : 
also, as proudly claimed, because it was the '^ First 
Division in France ; first in sector ; first to fire a 
shot at the Germans ; first to attack ; first to con- 
duct a raid; first to be raided; first to capture 
prisoners ; first to inflict casualties ; first to suffer 
casualties; first to be cited singly in General Or- 
ders; first in the number of Division, Corps and 
Army Commanders and General Staff officers pro- 
duced from its personnel. " 

SECOND DIVISION 

The Second Division was organized as a branch 
of the Eegular Army. 

Its Divisional Headquarters were established in 
France October 26th, 1917. Commander, Major 
General John A. Lejeune. Activities: Verdun 




70 THE A. E. F. 

and Toul-Troyon sectors, March 15th to May 14th, 
1918 ; sector northwest of Chateau- 
Thierry (almost continuous heavy 
fighting). May 13th to July 9th; 
Soissons sector, Mame counter- 
offensive, July 18th to 2()th; Mar- 
bache sector, August 9th to 24th; 
St. Mihiel sector and operation, September 9th to 
16th; Blanc Mont sector and advance in Cham- 
pagne, September 30th to October 9th; Argonne- 
Meuse offensive, October 30th to November 11th, 
1918. 

Prisoners captured: 228 officers, 11,738 men. 
The number of guns captured : 343 pieces of ar- 
tillery; 1,350 machine-guns. The total advance 
on front line, 60 kilometers. Battle casualties: 
Deaths, 4,419. Wounded 20,657. Total 25,076. 
There were 664 D. S. C. awards. 
The insignia of the division is an Indian head 
with background star and shield, with colors vary- 
ing according to unit. It is the creation of a truck 
driver who practiced on the side of his truck with 
such success that the design he had drawn evolved 
into the insignia of the division. 

This division differs from the other combatant 
divisions in that half of its Infantry personnel 
was made up of the 5th and 6th regiments of the 
United States Marines. 



' THE A. E. F. 71 

THIRD DIVISION 

The Third Division was organized as a branch 
of the Regular Army. 

Its Division Headquarters arrived in France 
April 4th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier General 
Preston Brown. Activities : Chateau-Thierry 
sector. May 31st to July 30th 
(battle operations May 31st to 
June 4th and July 15th to 30th) ; 
St. Mihiel sector (corps reserve) 
September 10th to 14th ; Argonne- 
Meuse offensive, September 30th 
to October 27th ; march on Rhine, 
November 14th. 

Prisoners captured: 31 officers, 2,209 men. 
Guns captured: 51 pieces of artillery, 1,501 ma- 
chine guns. Total advance on front line was 41 
kilometers. The casualties : Battle deaths 3,102. 
Wounded 15,052. Total 18,154. 

D. S. C. awards total 233. 

The insignia of this division is three white 
stripes diagonally superimposed upon a square 
field of royal blue. The three stripes are sym- 
bolic of the three major operations in which the 
division participated — the Marne, St. Mihiel and 
the Argonne-Meuse. The blue field is a symbol 
for those who have died. 




72 THE A. E. F. 

FOURTH DIVISION 

(Ivy Division) 

The Fourth Division (Ivy) was organized as a 
branch of the Regular Army. 

Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, 
May 17th, 1918. Commander, Major General 
Mark L. Hersey. Activities: 
Marne counter-offensive, July 
18th to 21st (brigaded with 6th 
French Army), vicinity of Noroy 
and Hautevesnes; Vesle sector 
(almost continuous heavy fight- 
ing), August 2nd to 12th; St. 
Mihiel sector, near Watronville-Treseauvaux (in 
reserve) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 
25th to October 19th. 

Prisoners captured: 72 officers, 2,684 men. 
Guns captured: 44 pieces of artillery, 31 ma- 
chine-guns. Total advance on front line 24% 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,587. 
Wounded 11,596. Total 14,183. 
D. S. C. awards total 66. 

The insignia of this division is four green leaves 
of ivy superimposed upon a diamond of olive 
drab. The four leaves represent the number of 
the division. 





THE A. E. F. 73 

FIFTH DIVISION 

The Fifth Division (Diamond) was organized 
as a branch of the Eegular Army. 

It arrived in France May 1st, 1918. Com- 
mander, Major General Hanson E. 
Ely. Activities: Anould sector, 
June 15th to July 16th; St. Die sec- 
tor, July 16th to August 23rd; St. 
Mihiel operation, September 11th to 
17th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, Oc- 
tober 12th to 22nd; Argonne-Meuse 
offensive (second time in), October 27th to No- 
vember 14th. 

Prisoners captured: 48 officers, 2,357 men. 
Guns captured : 98 pieces of artillery, 802 machine- 
guns. Total advance on front line : 29 kilometers. 
Casualties: Battle deaths 1,908. Wounded 7,- 
975. Total 9,883. 

There were 163 D. S. C. awards. 

The insignia of this division is a red diamond. 
It was selected at the suggestion of Colonel 
Charles A. Meals — *Hhe ace of diamonds.'^ 

SIXTH DIVISION 
The Sixth Division was organized as a branch 
of the Eegular Army. 




74 THE A. E. F. 

It arrived in France July 23rd, 1918. Com- 
mander, Major General Walter H. Gordon. Ac- 
tivities : Gerardmer sector, September 3rd to Oc- 
tober 13th ; Argonne-Mense offen- 
sive (First Army Corps Ee- 
serve), November 1st. Casual- 
ties : Battle deaths 97. Wounded 
479. Total 576. 

There were 10 D. S. C. awards. 
The insignia of this division is a six pointed 
star of red cloth, with a blue figure *^6" super- 
imposed. 

SEVENTH DIVISION 

The Seventh Division was organized as a branch 
of the Eegular Army. 
It arrived in France August 11th, 1918. Com- 
mander, Major General Edmund 
Wittenmyer. Activities : Puve- 
nelle sector, Lorraine, October 9th 
to 29th; Puvenelle sector, extend- 
ed, October 29th to November 11th, 
1918. 

Prisoners captured: One officer, 68 men. 
Guns captured: 28 machine-guns. Total ad- 
vance on front line, % kilometer. Casualties: 
Battle deaths 302. Wounded 1,516. Total 1,818. 
D. S. C. awards total 30. 




THE A. E. F. 75 

The insignia of this division is two triangles in 
black on red base. This design is supposed to 
have developed out of the numeral seven, one nu- 
meral up, and the other down and reversed, mak- 
ing two triangles. 

EIGHTH DIVISION 
(Pathfinder) 

The Eighth Division, known as the Pathfinder 
Division, was organized as a 
branch of the Regular Army. 

Its Divisional Headquarters 
reached France November 2nd, 
1918. Commander, Major Gen- 
eral E. A. Hehnick. 

The insignia of this division is the head of an 
Indian warrior in black on orange background 
bounded by circle of blue. 

NINTH DIVISION 

The Ninth Division was organized as a Regular 
Army Division. At the time the armistice was 
signed, it was in training at Camp Sheridan, 
Montgomery, Alabama with Commander Major 
General Willard A. Holbrook. No insignia was 
adopted. 





76 THE A. E. F. 

TENTH DIVISION 

The Tenth Division was organized as a Eegular 
Army Division. At the time the 
armistice was signed, it was in 
training at Camp Funston, Fort 
Riley, Kansas under Major Gen- 
eral Leonard Wood. The insignia 
of this division is a yellow Roman 
numeral ^*X^' within a yellow 
circle, the whole on square background of blue. 

ELEVENTH DIVISION 

(Lafayette) 

The Eleventh Division, called the ''Lafayette 
Division,'' was organized as a 
Regular Army Division. At the 
time the armistice was signed, it 
was in training at Camp Meade, 
Annapolis Junction, Md., under 
the command of Major General 

Jesse Mc. L Carter. 

The division insignia is a representation of the 

head of Lafayette in blue on a red disc. 

TWELFTH DIVISION 
(Plymouth) 

The Twelfth Division, known as the Plymouth 
Division, was organized as a Regular Army Divi- 





THE A. E. F. 77 

sion. It was training at Camp Devens, Ayer, 
Mass., at the time the armistice was signed, under 
the command of Major General 
Henry P. McCain. 

The insignia of this division is a 
yellow square on end containing 
two triangles of blue. Superim- 
posed on the center of the square 
and touching the two triangles is the number **12*' 
in red, a yellow star above and below the numeral. 

THIRTEENTH DIVISION 

The Thirteenth Division was organized as a 
Regular Army Division. At the 
time the armistice was signed, it 
was training at Camp Lewis, 
American Lake, Washington, un- 
der the command of Major Gen- 
eral Joseph D. Leitch. 

The insignia of this division is a red horseshoe 
on a circular background of blue. Within the 
horseshoe is a black cat, under the cat the number 
^aS'Mnred. 

FOURTEENTH DIVISION 
(Wolverine) 

The Fourteenth Division (Wolverine Division), 
was organized as a Regular Army Division. At 





78 THE A. E. F. 

the time the armistice was signed, 
it was in training at Camp Cus- 
ter, Battle Creek, Mich., under 
the command of Major General 
Grote Hutcheson. 

The insignia is a black wolve- 
rine on a yellow disc with a black rim superim- 
posed on a green shield. 

FIFTEENTH DIVISION 

The Fifteenth Division was organized as a Eegu- 
lar Army Division. At the time the armistice was 
signed, it was training at Camp Logan, Houston, 
Texas, under the command of Brigadier General 
Guy V. Henry. 

There is no insignia. 

SIXTEENTH DIVISION 

The Sixteenth Division was organized as a Reg- 
ular Army Division. At the time the armistics 
was signed, it was training at Camp Kearny, 
Linda Vista, California, under the command of 
Major General Guy Carleton. 

No insignia was adopted. 

SEVENTEENTH DIVISION 
The Seventeenth Division was organized as a 
Regular Army Division. At the time the armis- 



THE A. E. F. 



79 




tice was signed, it was training at Camp Beaure- 
gard, Alexandria, Louisiana, under the command 
of Brigadier General Henry C. Hodges, Jr. 
No insignia was adopted. 

EIGHTEENTH DIVISION 
(Cactus) 

The Eighteenth Division, known as the Cactus 
Division, was organied as a Regu- 
lar Army Division. At the time 
the armistice was signed, it was 
training at Camp Travis, Fort 
Sam Houston, Texas, under the 
command of Brigadier General 
George H. Estes. 

The insignia of the Eighteenth Division is the 
figure ^^18'^ in white superimposed on a green cac- 
tus plant, under which is written ^^Noli me tan- 
gere'^ — *^Do not touch me. '^ 

NINETEENTH DIVISION 
(Twilight) 
The Nineteenth Division, *^ Twi- 
light Division, '^ was organized 
as a branch of the Regular Army. 
At the time the armistice was 
signed, it was training at Camp 
Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, under 




80 THE A. E. F. 

the command of Brigadier General Benjamin T. 
Simmons. A few signal corps and engineer and 
other units that trained with this division saw 
service overseas. 

The insignia of this division is a white letter 
**0^' on a black triangle superimposed on a red 
disc, the whole on a black square. 

TWENTIETH DIVISION 

The Twentieth Division was organized as a Reg- 
ular Army Division. At the time the armistice 
was signed, it was training at Camp Sevier, 
Greenville, South Carolina, under the command of 
Major General Harry F. Hodges. 

No insignia was adopted. 

TWENTY-SIXTH DIVISION 
(Yankee Division) 

The National Guard of New 
England, known as the Yankee Di- 
'BWfc\ vision, was trained at Camp 
jTb y Greene, Charlotte, N. C, and ar- 
MKK^/ rived in France September 28th, 
1917. Commanders, Brigadier 
General Frank E. Bamford and 
Major General H. C. Hale. Activities : Chemin 
des Dames sector, February 6th to March 21st, 
1918; La Reine and Boucq sector, April 3rd to 



THE A. E. F. 81 

June 28th; Pas Fini sector (northwest of Chateau- 
Thierry), July 10th to 25th (battle operations July 
18th to 25th) ; Rupt and Try on sector, September 
8th to October 8th (St. Mihiel operation, Septem- 
ber 12to to 14th) ; Neptune sector (north of Ver- 
dun), October 18th to November 14th (Argonne- 
Meuse offensive). 

Prisoners captured: 61 officers, 3,087 men. 
Guns captured: 16 pieces of artillery, 132 ma- 
chine-guns. Total advance on front line : 37 kilo- 
meters. The casualties: Battle deaths 2,168. 
Wounded 13,000. Total 15,168. 

D. S. C. awards total 229. 

The insignia of this division is a dark blue 
i^YD'^ monogram superimposed on diamond of 
khaki cloth. The initials represent the nick-name 
of the di\dsion, which, since its arrival overseas, 
has been known as the ^* Yankee Division.'' 

TWENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION 

The National Guard of New York, sometimes 
known as the ^'Empire Division,'' trained at 
Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, S. C, and ar- 
rived in France May 10th, 1918. Commander, 
Major General John F. 'Kyan. Activities : East 
Poperinghe line, Belgium (four battalions at a 
time), July 9th to September 3rd; Dickebush sec- 
tor, Belgium, August 24th to September 3rd (op- 




82 THE A. E. F. 

eration of Vierstrast Eidge, August 31st to Sep- 
tember 2nd) ; Hindenburg line, 
France, September 24th to Octo- 
ber 1st (operation at Canal tun- 
nel, Bellicourt and east, Septem- 
ber 27tli to SOth) ; St. Souplet sec- 
tor, October 12th to 20th (Selle 
river, October 17th) ; Jonc de Mer Bridge, October 
18th; St. Maurice Eiver, October 19th to 21st. 

Prisoners captured: 65 officers, 2,292 men. 
Total advance on front line, 11 kilometers. Cas- 
ualties: Battle deaths 1,791. Wounded 9,427. 
Total 11,218. 

D. S. C. awards total 130. 

The insignia of this division is a black circle 
with red border, with monogram NYD superim- 
posed — New York Division — and seven red stars. 
The stars represent the constellation Orion, and 
were chosen in honor of Major General O'Kyan, 
who has commanded the division during the last 
seven years. 

TWENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION 

(Keystone) 

The National Guard of Pennsylvania (Key- 
stone Division, sometimes known as the ^'Iron Di- 
vision '^ trained at Camp Hancock, Augusta, Ga., 
and arrived in France May 18th, 1918. Com- 




THE A. E. F. 83 

manders Major General William H. Hay and 
Major Gren. Chas. H. Muir. Activities: Sector 
southeast of Chateau-Thierry (corps reserve), 
June 30th to July 31st (battle operations, July 
15th to 18th and July 28th to 30th) ; Vesle sector, 
August 7th to September 8th (almost continuous 
heavy fighting) ; Argonne-Meuse 
offensive, September 26th to Octo- 
ber 9th; Thiaucourt sector, October 
16th to November 11th. 

Prisoners captured: 10 officers, 
911 men. Guns captured : 16 pieces of artillery, 
63 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 10 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,531. 
Wounded 13,746. Total 16,277. 

D. S. C. awards total 58. 

The insignia of this division is a keystone of red 
cloth. 

TWENTY-NINTH DIVISION 

(Blue and Gray) 

The National Guard of Maryland, New Jersey, 
Delaware, Virginia and District of Columbia 
(Blue and Gray Division), trained at Camp Mc- 
Clellan, Anniston, Ala., and arrived in France 
June 27th, 1918. Commander, Major General 
Charles G. Morton. Activities: Center sector. 
Haute, Alsace, July 25th to September 22nd; 



84 THE A. E. F. 

Grand Montagne sector, north of Verdun, October 
7tli to 30th. 

Prisoners captured: 2,187 officers and men. 

CGuns captured: 21 pieces of ar- 
tillery and 250 machine-^ns. 
Total advance on front line: 
seven kilometers. Casualties : 
Battle deaths 940. Wounded 
5,219. Total 6,159. 
D. S. C. awards total 150. 

The insignia of this division is a blue and gray 
design copied from the Korean symbol of good 
luck. The colors represent the union in arms of 
the North and South. 

THIRTIETH DIVISION 
(Old Hickory) 

National Guard of North and South Carolina 
and Tennessee, known as the Old Hickory Divi- 
sion, was trained at Camp Sevier, 
Greenville, S. C, and arrived in 
France, May 24th, 1918. Commander, 
Major General Edward M. Lewis. 
Activities: Canal sector, south of 
Ypres (under own command), August 
17th to September 4th; Gouy-Nauroy 
sector, September 23rd to October 2nd (battle op- 




THE A. E. F. 85 

erations) ; Le Catean sector, October 16th to 20ih 
(battle operations). 

Prisoners captured: 98 officers, 3,750 men. 
Guns captured: 81 pieces of artillery, 426 ma- 
chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 20% 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,652. 
Wounded 9,429. Total 11,081. 

D. S. C. awards in this division total 177. 

The insignia of this division is a monogram in 
blue — the letter ^ ^ ' ' surrounding the letter ^ * H ' ^ 
with three ^^X's^' (Eoman numerals for 30) form- 
ing the cross bar of the letter ^*H,'' all on a ma- 
roon background. This design is a tribute to An- 
drew Jackson, ^'Old Hickory.'' 

THIRTY-FIRST DIVISION 
(Dixie) 

The Thirty-first Division, known as the ''Dixie 
Division," the National Guard of Alabama, Flor- 
ida and Georgia, was trained at 
Camp Wheeler, Macon, Georgia, 
and Divisional Headquarters ar- 
rived in France, October 5th, 
1918. Commander Major Gen- 
eral Le Roy S. Lyon. The Divi- 
sion was at Brest when the armistice was signed. 

The insignia of the Thirty-first Division is a 




86 THE A. E. F. 

conventionalized design of the letters ^*QD'' in 
bright red on a blue background. 

THIRTY-SECOND DIVISION 
(Iron Jaw) 

The National Guard of Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin, known as the Iron Jaw Division, the Eed Ar- 
row Division, also named by the French ^^Les Ter- 
ribles" — was trained at Camp MacArthur, Waco, 
Tex., and arrived in France February 20th, 1918. 
Commanders: Major General William G. Haan 

and Major General R. L. 
Howze. Activities : Alsace 
front. May 18th to July 21st; 
Fismes front, July 30th to 
August 7th (advance from the 
Ourcq to the Vesle) ; Soissons 
front, August 28th to September 2nd (battle of 
Juvigny) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive September 
30th to October 20th (operations against Kriem- 
hilde Steilung) ; front east of the Meuse Dun-sur- 
Meuse, November 8th to 11th; Army of Occupa- 
tion from November 17th. 

Prisoners captured: 40 officers, 2,113 men. 
Guns captured: 21 pieces of artillery, 190 ma- 
chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 36 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,898. 
Wounded 10,986. Total 13,884. 




THE A. E. F. 87 

D. S. C. awards total 134. 

The insignia of this division is a barred arrow 
of red — chosen because they ^*shot through every 
line the Boche put before them.'' 

THIRTY-THIRD DIVISION 
(Prairie; Illinois) 

The National Guard of Illinois and West Vir- 
ginia, known both as the *^ Prairie" and ** Illi- 
nois," was trained at Gamp Logan, Houston, 
Tex., and arrived in France May 24th, 1918. 
Commander, Major General George Bell, Jr. 
Activities: Amiens sector (with Australians), 
July 21st to August 18th; Verdun sector, Septem- 
ber 9th to October 17th; St. Mi- 
hiel sector, November 7th to 11th. 

Prisoners captured: 65 offi- 
cers, 3,922 men. Guns captured : 
93 pieces of artillery, 414 ma- 
chine-guns. Total advance on 
front line : 36 kilometers (made by units of one 
regiment or less). Casualties: Battle deaths 
1,002. Wounded 8,251. Total 9,253. 

D. S. C. awards total 76. 

The insignia of this division is a yellow cross on 
black circle, a combination of the divisional colors. 
Yellow was chosen because it was the only color 
paint available in Texas when the division was 




88 THE A. E. F. 

assembling its equipment. The cross, long used 
to mark Government property, had a terrifying 
effect on the Philippine natives. 

THIRTY-FOURTH DIVISION 

The Thirty-fourth Division, the National Guard 
of Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota and South Dakota, 
was trained at Camp Cody, New Mexico. 

Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France 
September 15th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier 
General John A. Johnston. This 
division was in reserve at Castres 
when the armistice was signed. 

The insignia of this division is a 
black oval encircling red bovine 
skull, a conventionalization of the 
Mexican olla or water flask, the whole design 
reminiscent of the Camp Cody country in New 
Mexico where the division trained. 

THIRTY-FIFTH DIVISION 

National Guard of Missouri and Kansas was 
trained at Camp Doniphan, Fort Sill, Okla., and 
arrived in France, May 11th, 1918. Commanders, 
Major General W. M. Wright and Major General 
Peter E. Traub. Activities : North sector of 
Wesserling sector, Vosges (one brigade), July 1st 
to 27th ; north sector of Wesserling sector, Vosges, 





THE A. E. F. 89 

with Garibaldi sub-sector (under division com- 
mand) July 27th to August 14th; Gerardmer, 
south sub-sector added, August 14th to September 
2nd; Argomie-Meuse offensive (Grange-le-Comte 
sector), September 21st to October 1st; Somme- 
Dieue sector, October 15th to November 7th. 

Prisoners captured: 13 offi- 
cers, 768 men. Guns captured: 
24 pieces of artillery, 85 machine- 
guns. Total advance on front 
line, 12% kilometers. Casual- 
ties : Battle deaths 960. Wound- 
ed 6,894. Total 7,854. 

There were 17 D. S. C. awards in this division. 

The insignia of this division is a Sante Fe cross 
within two circles of varying colors, the outer one 
divided into four arcs. The design was chosen 
because the old Santa Fe trail started westward 
from a point near the Missouri-Kansas line. 

THIRTY-SIXTH DIVISION 

(Panther) 

The National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma, 
known as the Panther Di\dsion, was trained at 
Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Tex., and Divisional 
Headquarters arrived in France, July 31st, 1918. 
Commander, Major General W. R. Smith, Activi- 




90 THE A. E. F. 

ties : Blanc Mont sector, north of Somme-Py, Oc- 
tober 6th to 28th (French-Champagne offensive). 

Prisoners captured: 18 ofi&- 
cers, 531 enlisted men. Guns cap- 
tured : 9 pieces of artillery, 294 
machine-guns. Total advance on 
front line, 21 kilometers. Cas- 
ualties: Battle deaths 591. 
Wounded 2,119. Total 2,710. 
D. S. C. awards total 24. 

The insignia of this division is a cobalt blue 
arrow head with a khaki <<T'^ superimposed upon 
a khaki disc. The arrowhead represents Okla- 
homa and the **T'' Texas. 

THIRTY-SEVENTH DIVISION 
(Buckeye) 

The National Guard of Ohio (Buckeye Divi- 
sion), was trained at Camp Sheridan, Montgom- 
ery, Ala., and Divisional Headquarters arrived in 
France June 23rd, 1918. Commander, Major 
General Chas. S. Farnsworth. 
Activities : Baccarat sector, Aug- 
ust 4th to September 16th; 
Meuse-Argonne offensive, Sep- 
tember 25th to October 1st; 
Pannes (St. Mihiel sector), Octo- 
ber 7th to 16th ; Lys and Escaut rivers (Flanders), 




THE A. E. F. 91 

October 31st to November 4tli; Belgium, Syngem 
sector, November 9th to 11th. 

Prisoners captured: 26 officers, 3,720 enlisted 
men. Guns captured: 29 pieces of artillery, 263 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 30 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 992. 
Wounded 4,931. Total 5,923. 

D. S. C. awards total 25. 

The insignia of this division is a red circle with 
a white border. This design was adapted from 
the State flag of Ohio. 

THIRTY-EIGHTH DIVISION 
(Cyclone) 

The National Guard of Indiana and Kentucky, 
known as the Cyclone Division, was trained at 
Camp Shelby, Hattiesburg, Miss., 
and arrived in France October 
19th, 1918 ; became a replacement 
division and members saw action 
as replacements to other divi- 
sions. Commander, Major Gen- 
eral Charles S. Farnsworth. 

The insignia of this division is a shield, the left 
half blue, the right half red, and superimposed in 
the center of the shield is the initial * * C with the 
letter **Y'^ interlaced with lower half of the initial 
^^C,'' both in white. 





92 THE A. E. F. 

THIRTY-NINTH DIVISION 
(BuU's-eye) 

The Thirty-ninth Division, the National Guard 
of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas, 
was trained at Camp Beauregard, 
Alexandria, Louisiana. 

Its Divisional Headquarters 
arrived in France August 8th, 
1918. Commander, Major Gen- 
eral Henry C. Hodges, Jr. 
The insignia of the Thirty-ninth Division is a 
red bullseye on a white disc with a black border. 

FORTIETH DIVISION 
( Sunshine) 

The National Guard of California, Nevada, 
Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico, known 
as the ** Sunshine Division, ' ^ was trained at Camp 

Kearny, Linda Vista, Cal., and 
arrived in France August 20th, 
1918; became a replacement di- 
vision and members saw action 
as replacements to other divi- 
sions. Commander, Major Gen- 
eral Frederick S. Strong. 

The insignia of this division is a blue patch of 
cloth with gold sun superimposed in center, a rep- 





THE A. E. F. 93 

resentation of the sun at midday in blue sky. The 
insignia and name ^^ Sunshine Division'* are sym- 
bolic of the climatic conditions of the camp in 
which the unit trained. 

FORTY-FIRST DIVISION 
(Sunset) 

The National Guard of Washington, Oregon, 
Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, known as the Sun- 
set Division, was trained at 
Camp Fremont, Bio Alto, 
Calif., and arrived in France 
January 1st, 1918, as the First 
Depot Division. It became a 
replacement division, and the members saw action 
as replacements to other divisions. Commander. 
Brigadier General Richard Coulter, Jr. 

The insignia of this division is a setting sun in 
gold on red background over a wavy blue stripe in 
the foreground, representing the blue waters of 
the Pacific. This design was originated by a Red 
Cross Nurse attached to Camp Hospital No. 26, at 
St. Aignan-Noyers. 

FORTY-SECOND DIVISION 
(Rainbow) 

The Forty-second Division, known as the Rain- 
bow Division, was composed of National Guard 
units of 26 states. 



94 THE A. E. F. 

Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France 
November 1st, 1917. Commander, Major General 
Charles D. Rhodes. Activities: Dombasle-Lune- 
ville — St. Clement-Baccarat sector, February 21st 
to March 23rd, 1918 (under the French 8th Army 
and 7th Army Corps) ; Baccarat sector, March 
18th to June 21st; Souain and Esperance sector, 
July 5th to 17th (German offensve east of Rheims, 
July 15th to 16th) ; Trugny and Beauvardes, July 
25th to August 3rd (front of 4th Army Corps on 
Curcq) ; Ansauville, Essey and Bois de Pannes 
(St. Mihiel salient), September 12th to 30th; south 
of St. Georges-Landres-et-St. Georges-Cote de 
Chatillon (Argonne-Meuse offensive, October 13th 
to 31st) ; Autruche, Grandes Armoises and Mais- 
oncelle, south of Sedan (Argonne-Meuse offen- 
sive), November 5th to 10th. 
Prisoners captured: 14 officers, 1,303 enlisted 
men. Guns captured : 25 pieces 
of artillery, 495 machine-guns. 
Total advance on front line, 55 
kilometers. Casualties : Battle 
deaths 2,713. Wounded 13,292. 
Total 16,005. 
D. S. C. awards in Forty-second Division total 
205. 

The insignia of this division is a parti-colored 





THE A. E. F. 95 

quadrant of red, yellow and blue suggesting the 
arc of a rainbow. 

SEVENTY-SIXTH DIVISION 
(Liberty Bell) 

The Seventy-sixth Division, known as the Lib- 
erty Bell Division, National Army of 
New York and New England, was 
trained at Camp Devens, Ayer, 
Mass., and Divisional Headquarters 
arrived in France July 5th, 1918. 
Commander, Major General Harry 
F. Hodges. It served as a Eeplacement Division. 

The insignia of this division is a blue liberty 
bell on a khaki background. 

SEVENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION 

The National Army of New York City, some- 
times known as the *^ Metropolitan Division,'' was 
trained at Camp Upton, Yap Hank, 
L. I., and arrived in France April 13th, 
1918. Commander, Major General 
Robert Alexander. Activities: Bac- 
carat sector, June 20th to August 4th ; 
Fismes-Bazochos sector, Vesle front, 
August 12th to September 16th; La 
Harazee-Feur de Paris-la Fille Morte line, Sep- 
tember 26th to October 16th (Argonne-Meuse of- 




96 THE A. E. F. 

fensive) ; Champ igneulles line, Aire-Meuse, Octo- 
ber 31st to November 12th ( Argonne-Meuse offen- 
sive). 

Prisoners captured: 13 officers, 737 enlisted 
men. Guns captured : 44 pieces of artillery, 323 
machine-guns. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,990. 
Wounded 9,966. Total 11,956. Total advance on 
front line 77.5. 

D. S. C. awards total 146. 

The insignia is a golden fac-simile of the Statue 
of Liberty on a blue background. 

SEVENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION 

(Lightning) 

The National Army of New Jersey, Delaware 
and New York, known as the *^ Lightning Divi- 
sion," was trained at Camp Dix, Wrightstown, 
N. J., and arrived in France June 8th, 1918. Com- 
mander, Major General James H. McRae. Activ- 
ities: Limey sector, St. Mihiel front, September 
16th to October 4th; Grand Pre-St. Juvin sector, 
October 16th to November 5th (Meuse-Argonne 
offensive). 

Prisoners captured : 6 officers, 392 men. Guns 
captured: four or more pieces of artillery, 43 or 
more machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 
21 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,359. 
Wounded 6,800. Total 8,159. 




THE A. E. F. 97 

D. S. C. awards in this division total 90. 

The insignia is a crimson semi-circle crossed by 
a white streak of lightning which 
begins at the upper right hand 
side of the insignia and crosses 
to the lower left hand corner. 
Crimson and white are the colors of the division, 
and the lightning is symbolic of ^ ' Lightning Divi- 
sion,'' the name adopted by the division before 
leaving the States. 

SEVENTY-NINTH DIVISION 

The National Army of the District of Columbia, 
Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania, sometimes 
known as the ^* Liberty Division," trained at 
Camp Meade, Annapolis Junction, Md. Divi- 
sional Headquarters arrived in France July 
15th, 1918. Commander, Major 
General Joseph E. Kuhn. Activi- 
ties : Sector 304 between Argonne 
and Meuse, September 16th to 30th 
(Meuse Argonne offensive, Sep- 
tember 26th to 30th) ; Troyon sec- 
tor, east of Meuse, October 8th to 
25th; Grand Montague sector, 
heights east of Meuse River, October 29th to No- 
vember 11th (active operations in progress most 
of the time). 

Prisoners captured: 21 officers, 1,056 enlisted 




98 THE A. E. F. 

men. Guns captured: 32 pieces of artillery, 275 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 19 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,396. 
Wounded, 6,194. Total, 7,510 

D. S. C. awards total 80. 

The insignia of this division is the Lorraine 
Cross in gray on a blue shield with a gray border. 
The Lorraine Cross was adopted in the 15th cen- 
tury by the House of Anjou (as a symbol of tri- 
umph), following the defeat of Charles the Bold. 
It is the outward symbol wherein is centered the 
affectionate and zealous love of a nation for 
liberty, justice and freedom. 

EIGHTIETH DIVISION 
(Blue Ridge) 

The National Army of Virginia, West Virginia 
and Western Pennsylvania, known as the **Blue 

Ridge Division, ' ' was trained at 
Camp Lee, Petersburg, Va. Di- 
visional Headquarters arrived 
in France May 30th, 1918. 
Commander Major General 
Adelbert Crorikhite. Activities : 
Aveuly Woods, Arras (Artois 
front), July 23rd to August 18th (under British) ; 
St. Mihiel salient, September 12th to 15th (one 
regiment of Infantry and one Machine-Gun Bat- 




THE A. E. F. 99 

tali on, reserve Second French Colonial Corps) ; 
Bethinconrt sector, September 25th to 29th (Ar- 
gonne-Meuse offensive) ; Nantillois sector, October 
4th to 12th (Argonne-Meuse offensive) ; St. Juvin, 
November 1st to 6th (Argonne-Meuse offensive). 

Prisoners captured: 103 officers; 1,710 enlisted 
men. Guns captured : 88 pieces of artillery, 641 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 37 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,141. 
Wounded, 5,662. Total, 6,763. 

D. S. C. awards total 42. 

The insignia of this division is a shield of olive 
drab cloth, in center of which are superimposed 
three blue hills outlined in white. The hills rep- 
resent the Blue Kidge mountains. 

EIGHTY-FIRST DIVISION 

The National Army of North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Florida and Porto Rico 
(Wildcat Division), was trained at Camp Jackson, 
Columbia, S. C, and arrived in 
France August 16th, 1918. 
Commander, Major General 
Charles J. Bailey. Activities: 
East of St. Die and Raon 
L'Etape sector, Vosges, Sep- 
tember 18th to October 19th (brigaded with 20th 
French Division) ; Sonmjedieue sector between 




100 THE A. E. F. 

Haudiemen works and Benzee-en-Moevre, Novem- 
ber 7th to 17th. 

Prisoners captured: 101. Total advance on 
front line, 5 kilometers. Casualties: Battle 
deaths, 250. Wounded, 801. Total, 1,051. 

D. S. C. awards in this division, 19. 

The insignia is a wild cat of varying color. It 
was selected in the belief that the division could 
** emulate it in its fighting qualities." 

EIGHTY-SECOND DIVISION 

(All- American) 

The National Army of Georgia, Alabama, 
Florida and Tennessee, known as the *'A11 Ameri- 
can Division, '^ was trained at Camp Gordon, 
Atlanta, Ga. Divisional headquarters arrived in 
France about May 17th, 1918. Commander, 
Major General George B. Duncan. Activities: 
Lagny sector, June 25th to Aug- 
ust 10th (brigaded with 154tli 
French Division) ; Marbache sec- 
tor, August 17th to September 
11th; St. Mihiel operation, Sep- 
tember 12th to 15th; Baulney and 
Charpentry, Fleville and Che- 
hery, Chehery and La Viergette sectors, September 
30th to October 31st (Argonne-Meuse offensive). 
Prisoners captured: 18 officers, 827 enlisted 




THE A. E. F. 101 

men. Guns captured : 11 pieces of artillery, 311 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 17 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,338. 
Wounded, 6,890. Total, 8,228. 

D. S. C. awards total 34. 

The insignia of this division is ^^AA" in gold 
braid upon a circle of solid blue, the whole super- 
imposed on a square background of red. The 
*'AA" stands for ''All American," with the fur- 
ther and later significance ' ' All Aboard. ' ' 

EiaHTY-THIRD DIVISION 

The Eighty-third Division, the National Army 
of Ohio, West Va., and Pennsylvania, was trained 
at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, and arrived 
in France, in June, 1918. 
Commander, Major General E. ^^^^^ 
F. Glenn. This division was a ^li9'£ 
depot division at LeMans and ^i|HI, 
Castres. The 332nd Infantry 
of the 83rd Division was the 
only American combatant unit in Italy. It en- 
gaged in the battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy, Octo- 
ber 24th to November 4th, 1918. 

The insignia of the Eighty-third Division is a 
conventionalized yellow design forming the word 
' ' Ohio " on a black triangle 



102 



THE A. E. F. 



EIGHTY-FOURTH DIVISION 
(Lincoln) 

The Eighty-fourth Division, known as the 
^^ Lincoln Division, '^ the National 
^^ ^ Army of Illinois, Indiana, Ken- 
fl^K ^^ 1 tucky, trained at Camp Taylor, 
^'^^^ J Louisville, Ky., and arrived in 
^ ^^ France during September, 1918. 

Commander, Major General H. C. 
Hale. This division was used in the Supply Ser- 
vice at Neuvic. 

The insignia of this division is a red ax on a 
blue disk. 



EIGHTY-FIFTH DIVISION 
(Custer) 

The Eighty-fifth Division known as the ^ * Custer 
Division, ^^ the National Army of 
^^f B^\ Michigan and Wisconsin, trained 
^T l^k \ ^^ Camp Custer, Battle Creek, 
B I ^ j Michigan, and arrived in France 
^^hI^/ during August, 1918. It was a 
depot division at Pouilly. Com- 
mander, Major General C. W. Kennedy. 

The insignia of the Eighty-fifth Division is a 
conventionalized ^^CD^' (Custer Division) in 
bright red. 




THE A. E. F. 103 

The 339tli Infantry of this division served in 
the Murmansk District, Russia. 

EIGHTY-SIXTH DIVISION 
(Black Hawk) 

The Eighty-sixth Division, known as the * * Black 
Hawk Division,'' the National 
Army of Chicago, was trained at 
Camp Grant, Rockford, Illinois, 
and arrived in France during 
September, 1918. It was used in 
the Supply Service at St. Andre 
de Cubzac. Commander, Major General Chas. H. 
Martin. 

The insignia of the Eighty-sixth Division is a 
black hawk on a red shield. 

EIGHTY-SEVENTH DIVISION 

(Acorn) 

The National Army of Mississippi, Louisiana 
and Arkansas, known as the ** Acorn Division,'' 
was trained at Camp Pike, Little 
Rock, Ark., and arrived in France 
September 14th, 1918. Com- 
mander, Major General Samuel 
D. Sturgis. This division en- 
gaged in construction work at 
Pons-Saintes ; it was en route to front when armis- 
tice was signed. 




104 THE A. E. F. 

The insignia of this division is a patch of green 
cloth in the form of a circle flattened at the top 
for sewing into the shoulder seam, with an acorn 
of brown cloth superimposed in center. This in- 
signia was selected because it suggests a mighty 
tree, ^^ stalwart and strong/' 

EIGHTY-EIGHTH DIVISION 
(Clover Leaf) 

The National Army of North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois 
(Clover Leaf Division), was trained at Camp 
Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa. Divisional head- 
quarters arrived in France August 16th, 1918. 
Commander, Major General William Weigel. 

Activities : Center sector, Haute 
Alsace, October 7th to Novem- 
ber 5 th. 

Casualties : Battle deaths, 27. 
Wounded, 63. Total, 90. 
One D. S. C. was awarded. 
The insignia of this division is 
a design of black evolved from two figiires *'8'* 
crossing at right angles and giving the appear- 
ance of a Maltese cross made of loops or a four 
leaf clover, which is a common symbol of the four 
States Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois and North Da- 
kota. The colors vary. 




THE A. E. F. 105 

EIGHTY-NINTH DIVISION 
(Middle West) 

The National Army of Kansas, Missouri and 
Colorado, known as the ^VMiddle West Division,'* 
and called also the ^'Sunflower Division, *' was 
trained at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kans. Its 
Divisional headquarters arrived in France June 
21st, 1918. Commander, Major General Frank L. 
Winn. Activities: sector northwest of Toul 
August 10th to 20th (under com- 
mand 32nd French Corps), sector 
northwest of Toul, August 20th to 
September 12th (under command 
Fourth American Corps) ; Sep- 
tember 12th to 13th, St. Mihiel 
offensive; September 14th to October 7th, sector 
from Xammes to middle of Bois de Dampvitoux 
(later extended to the Etang de La Chaussee on 
west and western edge of Bois de Bonvaux on 
east) ; October 9th to 19th, Meuse-Argonne offen- 
sive (Fifth Corps reserve) ; October 19th to 
November 11th, Meuse-Argonne offensive. 

Prisoners captured: 192 officers, 4,869 men. 
Guns captured: 127 pieces of artillery, 455 
machine-guns, etc. Total advance on front line, 
36 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,419. 
Wounded, 7,394. Total, 8,813. 




106 



THE A. E. F. 



D. S. C. awards total 97. 

The insignia of this division is a circle of dark 
blue piping with an initial of *^W" of the same 
color, which, when inverted is an ^*M,'* the letters 
^*MW' standing for Middle West, as well as for 
the three major generals who have commanded 
the division — Leonard Wood, Frank Winn, and 
William M. Wright. 

NINTIETH DIVISION 
(Alamo) 
The National Army of Texas, Arizona, New 
Mexico and Oklahoma, known sometimes as the 
** Alamo Division,'' was trained at Camp Travis, 
Fort Sam Houston, Tex. Divisional headquar- 
ters arrived in France June 
23rd, 1918. Commander, Major 
General Henry T. Allen. Activi- 
ties : Sazeraie-Haye-Puvenelle 
sector, August 24th to October 
10th; Stw Mihiel operation, Sep- 
tember 12th to 15th; demonstration at beginning 
of Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th; 
Argonne-Meuse offensive October 19th to Novem- 
ber 11th. 

Prisoners captured: 32 officers, 1,844 enlisted 
men. Guns captured: 42 pieces of artillery, 230 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 281/2 




i» 



THE A. E. F. 107 

kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,387. 
Wounded, 6,623. Total 8,010. 

D. S. C. awards total 57. 

The insignia is the red monogram ^^TO'* stand- 
ing for Texas-Oklahoma. 

NINETY-FIRST DIVISION 
(Wild West) 

The National Army of Alaska, Montana, Wash- 
ington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, 
Wyoming and Utah, known as the **Wild West 
Division,^' was trained at Camp Lewis, American 
Lake, Wash. Division headquarters arrived in 
France July 12th, 1918. Commander, Major 
General William H. Johnston. 
Activities: Argonne-Meuse sec- 
tor near Vauquies, September 
20th to October 3rd (Argonne- 
Meuse offensive, September 26th 
to October 3rd) ; west of Escaut 
Eiver, Belgium, October 30th to 
November 4th; east of Escaut 
Eiver, Belgium, November 10th to 11th. 

Prisoners captured: 12 officers; 2,400 enlisted 
men. Guns captured : 33 pieces of artillery, 471 
machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 34 
kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,390. 
Wounded, 5,106. Total, 6,496. 




108 THE A. E. F. 

D. S. C. awards total 134. 

The insignia of this division is the green fir tree 
emblematic of the Far West. 

NINETY-SECOND DIVISION 
(Buffalo) 

National Army, colored division known as 
^'Buffalo Division," was composed of units which 
were trained at a large number of cantonments 

throughout the country. Di- 
vision headquarters arrived 
in France June 19th, 1918. 
Commander, Major General 
Charles C. Ballou. Activi- 
ties: St. Die sector, Vosges, 
August 29th to September 
20th ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 25th to 
30th (reserve of First Army Corps) : Marbache 
sector, October 9th to November 15th. Prisoners 
captured, 38 men. Total advance on front line, 
8 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 185. 
Wounded, 1,495. Total, 1,680. 
D. S. C. awards total 21. 

The insignia of this division is the American 
buffalo, colors varying. This was selected ^'be- 
cause traditional Indians called negro soldiers 
^buffaloes.'" 




THE A. E. F. 



109 



NINETY-THIRD DIVISION 

The Ninety- third Division (Negroes) was 
created from National Guard Colored Troops 
from New York, Illinois, Ohio, 
District of Columbia, Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts, Tennessee 
and Maryland. It comprised the 
369th, 370th and 371st and 372nd 
Infantries. It arrived in France 
during April, 1918, and was 
brigaded with the French; saw 
fighting in many of the French 
defensives and offensives and one 
regiment saw action in the Ar- 
gonne-Meuse offensive. The cas- 
ualties: Battle deaths, 574. 
Wounded, 2,009. Total, 2,583. 

Three insignia were adopted — 
a blue French helmet on a black 
field for the 370th; a yellow and 
blue rattlesnake on black field for the 369th; and a 
red hand on a white field surrounded by a blue 
circle for the 371st and 372'nd. 

They received many decorations from the 
French. 




110 



THE A. E. F. 



BATTLE DEATHS AND WOUNDED BY DIVISIONS 
ALSO RECORD OF PRISONERS 

(War Department— May 10th, 1919) 

Battle deaths include killed in action and died 
of wounds. 

Casualties listed under ^* other units'* include 
about 2,000 in depot divisions. These occurred 
either before replacement units had been incorpo- 
rated with divisions to which assigned, or among 
men of depot divisions who went A. W. 0. L. to 
the front. 

There is a duplication of about 7,000 in the 
figures for the wounded. 





Casualties 




Taki 


en Prisoners 




Battle 






Enlisted 




Div. 


Deaths 


Wounded 


Total 


Officers 


Men 


Total 


2 


4,419 


20,657 


25,076 


4 


152 


156 


1 


4,204 


19,141 


23,345 





151 


151 


3 


3,102 


15,052 


18,154 


8 


306 


314 


28 


2,531 


13,746 


16,277 


18 


708 


726 


42 


2,713 


13,292 


16,005 


3 


99 


102 


26 


2,168 


13,000 


15,168 


19 


432 


451 


4 


2,587 


11,596 


14,183 


2 


68 


70 


32 


2,898 


10,986 


13,884 


1 


155 


156 


77 


1,990 


9,966 


11,956 


11 


394 


405 


27 


1,791 


9,427 


11,218 


3 


225 


228 


30 


1,6'52 


9,429 


11,081 


6 


71 


77 


5 


1,908 


7,975 


9,883 





98 


98 


33 


1,002 


8,251 


9,253 


1 


125 


126 


89 


1,419 


7,394 


8,813 


1 


24 


25 


82 


1,338 


6,890 


8,228 


7 


232 


239 



THE A. E. F. 



Ill 





Casualties 




Taken Prisoners 




Battle 








Enlisted 




Div. 


Deaths 


Wounded 


Total 


OflBcera 


t Men 


Total 


78 


1,359 


6,800 


8,159 


3 


120 


123 


90 


1,387 


6,623 


8,010 


4 


76 


80 


35 


960 


6,894 


7,854 


4 


165 


169 


79 


1,396 


6,194 


7,590 


2 


78 


80 


80 


1,141 


5,622 


6,763 


1 


100 


101 


91 


1,390 


5,106 


6,496 





28 


28 


29 


940 


5,219 


6,159 


4 


63 


67 


37 


992 


4,931 


5,923 





23 


23 


36 


591 


2,119 


2,710 


1 


24 


25 


93 


574 


2,009 


2,583 


1 


3 


4 


7 


302 


1,516 


1,818 


1 


19 


20 


92 


185 


1,495 


1,680 





17 


17 


81 


250 


801 


1,051 





51 


51 


6 


97 


479 


576 





3 


3 


88 


27 


63 


90 


2 

107 


7 


9 


Total 


47,313 


232,673 


279,986 


4,017 


4,124 


Other 














Units 


1,596 


4,462 


6,058 


215 


95 


310 


Grand 












Total 


48,909 


237,135 


286,044 


322 


4,112 


4,434 



REPLACEMENTS TO AMERICAN DIVISIONS ^ 
May 1st to November 13th, 1918 

The following comparisons of replacements may 
prove interesting especially when compared with 
the table which gives the losses suffered by divi- 
sions. The replacements include the men as- 
signed to bring divisions up to war strength, those 
who returned to their own outfits after being sick 

1 stars and Stripes, January 5th, 1919. 



112 THE A. E. F. 

or wounded as well as the men who filled the gaps 
caused by big battle losses : 

strength 
Divisions Replacements Nov. 13th, 1918 

2nd 35,343 23,099 

1st 30,206 26,272 

3rd 24,033 26,076 

28th 21,717 23,010 

32nd 20,140 24,576 

4th 19,559 26,033 

42nd 17,253 20,430 

26th 14,411 20,709 

77th 12,728 24,308 

5th 12,611 21,675 , 

91st 12,530 22,172 

35th 10,605 28,243 

82nd 8,402 22,766 

89th 7,669 22,320 

37th 6,282 23,391 

79th 6,246 22,804 

33rd 5,415 23,986 

27th 5,255 19,279 

29th 4,977 20,946 

80th 4,495 24,580 

90th 4,437 20,873 

7th 4,112 25,187 

36th 3,397 23,435 

78th 3,190 19,762 

92nd 2,920 26,894 

6th 2,784 24,798 

30th 2,384 20,682 

81st 1,984 23,731 

88th 734 25,428 

Total Replacements... 305,819 

Total Strength of Combat Divisions., 676,905 



THE A. E. F. 113 

Distinguished Service Crosses Awarded hy Divisions 

{March 8, 1919) 



2nd 




.. 664 


90th . 




... 57 


1st 




.. 300 


80th . 




... 42 


3rd 




.. 233 
.. 229 


82nd . 
7th .. 




... 34 


26th .... 




... 30 


42nd .... 




.. 205 


37th . 




... 25 


30th .... 




.. 177 


36th . 




... 24 


5th 




.. 163 


92nd . 




... 21 


29th .... 




.. 150 


81st . . 




... 19 


77th .... 




.. 146 


35th . 




... 17 


27th .... 




.. 130 


6th .. 




... 10 


32nd .... 




.. 134 


88th . 




1 


91st 




.. 134 








89th .... 




.. 97 


Total 


D. S. C. awai 


'ded 


78th .... 




.. 90 


to Dmsions 


...3,312 


79th .... 




.. 80 


Awarded other than 


Di- 


33rd .... 




.. 76 


vision Troops 


. .. 606 


4th 




.. m 








28th .... 




.. 58 


Total 


awards 


...3,918 


Kilometers Advanced hy 


Various 


Comhat Divisions 




Total 






Total 




Div. 


Advance 


Order 


Div. 


Advance 


Order 


77th . 


.... 77.5 


1 


5th 


29 


14 


2nd . 


.... 60 


2 


90th 


29 


15 


42nd . 


.... 55 


3 


4th 


24.5 


16 


1st . 


.... 51 


4 


78th 


21 


17 


89th . 


.... 48 


5 


36th 


21 


18 


3rd . 


.... 41 


6 


79th 


19.5 


19 


80th . 


.... 38 


7 


82nd 


17 


20 


26th . 


.... 37 


8 


35th 


12.5 


21 


32nd . 


.... 36 


9 


27th 


11 


22 


33rd . 


.... 36 


10 


28th 


10 


23 


91st . 


.... 34 


11 


92nd 


8 


24 


37th . 


.... 30 


12 


29th 


7 


25 


30th . 


.... 29.5 


13 


81st 


5.5 


26 








7th 


1 


27 



CHAPTER V 

THE BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE 

Increasing Compleooity of Military Service 

One of the most striking features of the recent 
war has been the increase in complexity and 
variety of service required. The changing system 
of warfare, the use of new materials for defenses, 
the employment of new types of guns and ammuni- 
tion, the need for millions of troops and the vital 
importance of rapid and unfailing systems of com- 
munication — all have increased tremendously the 
complexity of the work of the old branches of the 
service. 

The extensive use of aircraft and motor trans- 
portation has made it necessary to create new 
branches of the service to meet these new de- 
mands. 

The employment of poison gas and later the 
use of tanks necessitated new methods of defense 
and opened up vast possibilities as to the use of 
these new weapons in offense. To develop this 
work, the Chemical Warfare Service and the Tank 
Corps were organized. 

114 




CHE.MICPI. W/\Rrfi«t 
5E.HVICE 




Corps 




(iotof^Tramsport 
Corps 




C Oft ST 

(If^tiulelry 







CoRpa 




CoRPb 




■flELD 




IrtTAHTKY 







CflVHURY 





QoflRTERrlf\6TCF\ 

Corps 



JuOQt (^DVOCflTt 
QE(SE.RflL5lDEPT 




AOJUTPIMT 

(^tnei^ftLsJliLPT 




'^^, 
"^^ 



(\\f[ -SE-F^VICC 




GjtoiEROL Smrr 




Corps 




If^SPtCTOR 

(qE.riERflL'6 He.pt 




flio To 



Collar Insignia of United States Army 



THE A. E. F. 



115 



In a recently published demobilization report of 
the War Department, twenty-nine classes of 
troops were listed. The distribution of these 
troops as to branch of service is shown in the 1918 
report of the Secretary of War. An additional 
column shows the percentage of each branch. 

BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE 

Comparative Strength of Service, March, 1917, and November, 

1918 

Old New Percentage of 

Army Army Total on Basis 

Name March, Novem- of Greatest 

1917 ber, 1918 Strength 

Infantry and machine-gun 85,000 974,000 26.9 

Engineer 3,000 394,000 10.7 

Field Artillery and ammu- 
nition train 9,000 389,000 10.6 

Medical 7,000 300,000 8.2 

Quartermaster 8,000 228,000 6.3 

Coast Artillery 21,000 137,000 3.8 

Ordnance 1,000 64,000 1.7 

Signal 3,000 52,000 1.4 

Cavalry 22,000 29,800 .7 

Air Service 202,000 5.5 

Motor Transport 103,000 2.8 

Chemical Warfare 18,000 .5 

Militia Bureau 27,000 .7 

Tank 14,000 .3 

In training 549,000 14.9 

All other 31,000 185,000 5.0 

Total 190,000 3,665,000 100.0 



116 THE A. E. F. 

The following pages tell the story of the work 
and the accomplishments of the branches of ser- 
vice listed in the preceding table. 

THE INFANTRY 

The Infantry is by far the largest, and so far as 
actual fighting is concerned, the most important 
branch of the Service. Indeed, it may well be 
said that the whole army organization is built 
around the Infantry and the effort of all branches 
is to make their fighting more effective. This is 
true of the tanks which go ahead and flatten barb 
wire; true of the planes which fly overhead and 
locate reserves and often join in the fight with 
their machine-guns and bombs, and true of the 
Artillery which sends over the barrage under the 
protection of which the Infantry advances. 

The success of an offensive is not gauged so 
much on the achievements of the tanks, the aero- 
planes, or the Artillery, as it is upon how far the 
Infantry has been able to advance. 

The Infantry is trained in close order and open 
order drill, in trench digging, in bayonet fighting, 
in grenade throwing and in using the rifle. 
While the open order or skirmish formations are 
most commonly used in an advance through open 
country, in heavily wooded rough country, like 
that which the Americans encountered in the 



THE A. E. F. 117 

Argonne Forest, the advance often resolves itself 
into Indian fighting. 

The Pioneer Infantry regiments attached to an 
army or army corps differ from regiments of In- 
fantry attached to combat divisions, in that these 
units are used in the fighting only in an emer- 
gency. In an advance, they are usually assigned 
the task of building the roads in the territory 
captured. They carry their rifles with them while 
at work, so that in case of counter-attack or urgent 
need of reenforcements they may be rushed into 
the fighting. 

The Machine-Gun Battalions because of the fact 
that they are usually brigaded with the Infantry, 
are in most official records classed as Infantry. 
In many respects, however, the Machine-Gun 
Battalions more closely resemble the Artillery. 
In an offensive the machine-guns cover the ad- 
vance of the Infantry. In case of a counter- 
attack, these valuable weapons show probably 
their greatest usefulness. Sixteen machine-guns 
is the usual equipment of a Machine-Gun Com- 
pany, one squad being in charge of each gun. 
Three men operate the gun and the others assist 
in moving the gun and in carrying ammunition. 
At the signing of the armistice, more than one- 
fourth of the total strength of the Army was in- 



118 



THE A. E. F. 




eluded in the Infantry and the Machine-Gun units. 
To these units which endured the greatest 
dangers and hardships of the 
war and whose spirit in offen- 
sive action was the pride of all 
American soldiery, no praise 
can be too high. 
All Infantry men wear crossed guns as collar 
insignia, and the shoulder insignia of the division, 
corps or army in which they served in the A. E. F. 
The men of the 332nd Infantry who served in Italy 
wear the gold dragon indicating Italian service. 

ENGINEERS CORPS 

The *^ Jacks of all trades*' of the American 
Army were the Engineers. They were organized 
into units for the following purposes : 

and mechanical 



General construction 
Railway construction 
Road construction 
Dock construction 
Railway operations and main- 
tenance 
Car and locomotive repair 



Electrical 

work 
Quarrying 
Forestry 
Ship repair 
Water supply 
Sappers and pioneers 



Among the most important constructions are 
the wharves at Bordeaux and Nantes, the im- 
mense storage depots at La Palice, Montoir, and 
Gievres, and innumerable hospitals and barracks 
in various parts of France. The road and bridge 



THE A. E. F. 119 

building was often done on dark rainy niglits. 
Roads and bridges were sometimes built across 
spongy, shell-torn areas, in the middle of No 
Man^s Land. The Forestry Service of the En- 
gineer Corps cut the greater part of the timber 
and railway ties required. On November 1st, 
1918, the personnel of the Engineers included 
10,000 officers and 284,000 men. 

While all the Engineers wear the famous castle 
as a collar insignia, most wear the shoulder in- 
signia of the division to which they were attached. 
Certain special units, however, 
adopted special shoulder insignia. 

The insignia of the Searchlight 
Engineers, is a ray of light piercing 
the sky and revealing an enemy 
aeroplane. This may be said to be 
symbolic of the important work of these engineers 
in revealing the location of night bombing 
machines. The engineers would keep the ma- 
chines in the path of their power- 
ful searchlights and then the Anti- 
Aircraft gunners would be called 
upon to finish the job. 

The camouflage section of the 
Engineers adopted as their in- 
signia a chameleon on a black 
pennant. This little reptile can conceal itself by 






120 THE A. E. F. 

changing color so as to blend with its surround- 
ings. The chief work of the camouflage section 
was to see that military fortifications, weapons, 
etc., were so changed in appearance that they 
would blend with the surroundings and thus be- 
come invisible to the enemy. 

The Eailroad Section selected a dia- 
mond shaped insignia with the letter 
* ^ R ' ' standing for the railroad. 

The transportation situation in 
France was so acute in the early days 
of America 's participation in the war, 
that little growth in the army could 
take place until a system was built up for trans- 
porting vast numbers of men and vast quantities 
of supplies needed to feed and equip our fighters. 
One of the earliest requests of General Pershing 
was to send over railroad engineers. The lack of 
cars and engines also made the situation critical. 
Sixty thousand railroad engineers served in 
France and a very large number of engines and 
cars were sent overseas and used in American 
service. 

During the war, this branch of the service was 
of inestimable value in carrying men and freight 
to the front, and later to ports of debarkation. 
In times of urgent need, i.e. when new troops were 
needed at once to replace those stricken with in- 



•THE A. E. F. 121 

fluenza, when the British were in acute need of 
barbed wire, when lightning shifts of men were 
needed in the Argonne offensive, the railroad en- 
gineers performed notable service. 

General Pershing in his report to the Secretary 
of War says of the Engineer Corps, *Hhe work 
has required large vision and high professional 
skill, and great credit is due to their personnel for 
the high proficiency that they have constantly 
maintained. ' ^ 

ARTILLERY 

The increased use of Artillery is one of the 
most notable points in which this war differs from 
earlier wars. With the use of trenches, dugouts, 
concrete pill-boxes and concrete fortifications, 
machine-gun nests built into the sides of the hill 
and machine-guns and light artillery used in build- 
ings, it is often necessary literally to blow a place 
to pieces before it can be taken by the Infantry. 
In order to accomplish this task, large numbers 
of guns must be used and vast quantities of shells 
and high explosives. 

Five types of artillery in common use in the 
A. E. F. were the *^One Pounders^' and Trench 
Mortars which were used in the forward trenches ; 
the light and heavy Artillery, usually fired from a 
distance behind the forward trenches, and th^ 



122 THE A. E. F. 

Eailroad Artillery with larger shells and longer 
range which usually fired from a position further 
behind the lines. 

The success of modern warfare depends largely 
upon the accuracy of Artillery fire. Usually the 
object to be hit is not visible to those who fire the 
guns. Hence the fire must be directed by a com- 
mander who gives the orders as to range, fre- 
quency of fire, etc. 

This commander may be stationed at an ob- 
servation post far forward where he can person- 
ally observe the effect of his fire and direct his 
battery by telephone, or he may remain with his 
battery and direct their fire according to informa- 
tion received by telephone buzzer system or run- 
ners from the Commander of the Infantry. In 
other situations he may be advised as to the suc- 
cess of his fire by telephone messages from the 
observation balloons, or from his observers 
equipped with glasses who may be perched near 
the top of some tall tree. Sometimes messages to 
the Artillery are received from aeroplanes by 
wireless. Signal lights and rockets are used at 
night. 

Field Artillery is usually horse-drawn, the 
larger guns are frequently moved by tractors. 

The ammunition train in time of battle is at- 
tached to the Artillery and by means of its motor 




THE A. E. F. 123 

trucks and wagons, transports all kinds of 
ammunition. 

The Eeserve Mallet was organized October 1st, 
1917, from former members of 
the American Field Service who 
were enlisted at Soissons, France, 
in the regular United States 
Army. The work of this unit 
was somewhat similar to that of 
an ammunition train attached to Artillery. Be- 
tween June 6th, 1918, and November 6th, 1918, this 
organization hauled over 6,000,000 shells and 20,- 
000 tons of Infantry ammunition. Its insignia is 
the horn of the French Chasseur in yellow super- 
imposed on a shield of green. 

The Coast Artillery hitherto has been largely a 
defensive branch of the service. In the present 
war, however, a large number of the personnel 
of the Coast Artillery have been used in Europe 
to man the railroad guns and other guns of large 
caliber. In every American offensive. Naval guns 
manned by American sailors have been used with 
great success. 

The anti-aircraft guns render invaluable service 
in beating off hostile aircraft. The most common 
type of anti-aircraft gun is a long barreled gun 
usually set in a circular camouflaged pit, and 
capable of being rapidly adjusted to fire at any 



124 THE A. E. F. 

angle. Machine-guns prove the most effective 
weapon against low flying aircraft. The common 
anti-aircraft guns and the heavier Artillery shoot- 
ing shrapnel are most effective against planes 
flying at a high altitude. 

In its ever increasing usefulness, the Artillery 
in protecting the Infantry, destroying enemy de- 
fenses and equipment, and in resisting invading 
troops or hostile aircraft, renders a service of in- 
estimable value to the whole army. 

All members of the Field Artillery wear crossed 
cannon as their collar insignia. Those in the 
A. E. F. wear the shoulder insignia of the division, 
corps or army to which they belong or are 

attached. 

The men in the Trench Mor- 
tar units usually wear a yel- 
low conventionalized design of 
a trench mortar bomb super- 
imposed on a red field, on their left arm. 

The Railroad and Coast Artillery men wear 
their special design of crossed cannon as collar 
insignia, and a six sided shield 
in blue with red decorations and 
a white pelican as their shoulder 
insignia. 

The Anti-Aircraft Service 
has as its shoulder insignia, a 






THE A. E. F. 125 

red arrow head pointing upwards 
on which is imposed a red bomb and 
white letters **A.A/' standing for 
Anti-Aircraft. 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 

In the great World War, far more than in any 
previous wars, special emphasis has been laid on 
the health of the men. It is to be expected, there- 
fore, that among the departments showing marked 
improvement and growth, the Medical Department 
holds a high place. 

In order to furnish properly trained men for 
the medical needs of the Army, the Government 
established training camps at Fort Oglethorpe, 
Fort Benjamin Harrison and Fort Kiley on June 
1st, 1917. Later, on July 21st, a similar camp 
was opened at Fort Des Moines for the training 
of colored personnel. Furthermore, all Army 
Medical officers received special intensive train- 
ing. About 15 per cent of the entire civilian 
medical profession of the United States took ad- 
vantage of the opportunity of entering into active 
duty as medical officers of the Army. Mr. Baker, 
Secretary of War, in his Annual Eeport, 1918, 
says, ^^ Probably no working force has ever been 
organized which contained more distinguished 
men of a single profession than are to-day en- 



126 THE A. E. F. 

rolled in tlie Medical Department of the United 
States Army/' 

Even in the light of such thorough preparation, 
the following statistics are astounding. At the 
beginning of the war, there were only 750 officers, 
393 nurses and 6,619 enlisted men belonging to 
the Medical Department. In 1918, the personnel 
had grown to 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses and 
245,652 enlisted men. On November 11th, 1918, 
there were 80 fully equipped Army hospitals in 
the United States, with an emergency capacity 
of 120,816 patients. Overseas, there were on 
November 11th, 104 base hospitals and 31 evacua- 
tion hospitals in the American Expeditionary 
Force. In addition there was one evacuation 
hospital in Siberia; a special hospital for head 
surgery; an optical unit, and 8 auxiliary units. 
The emergency capacity of the hospitals attached 
to the Expeditionary Force was 220,204 patients. 
The value and need of dentistry has been fully 
realized in this war as in no other, and on Novem- 
ber 11th there were 4,429 dentists in the Army and 
5,372 in the Eeserve Corps. In addition, assist- 
ance was furnished to England and Italy; 931 
American officers detailed to serve with the 
British forces and a further 169 for service in 
base hospitals, and several ambulance sections 
operated with the Italian Army. Perhaps the 



THE A. E. F. 127 

greatest evidence of the remarkable work and 
success of the Medical Department lies in the de- 
crease in the death rate from disease in this war 
as compared with the death rate from disease in 
other wars, as set forth in the following table : 

Civil War Spanish- American War World War 
(Union Army) (American Army) (U. S. Army) 
65 per 1,000 26 per 1,000 In U. S 6.4 per 1,000 

In A. E. F... .4.7 per 1,000 

Combined 

Forces 5.9 per 1,000 

No description of the Medical Department is 
complete without a word about the Nurses. When 
the armistice was signed, not only was there an 
adequate staff of nurses on duty at every Army 
Hospital in the United States, but also 8,510 
nurses were on duty in Europe, 1,400 were 
mobilized and awaiting transportation overseas, 
and there were available for foreign service, 2,000 
more. The soldier boys themselves displayed no 
greater heroism and patriotism than did these 
women, many of whom were subjected to the ex- 
treme perils of Avar. 

The collar ornament of the Medi- 
cal Department is the Caduceus. 
The A. E. F. shoulder insignia 
varies. Men attached to divisions, 
corps or armies^ wear the insignia of the iinit to 





128 THE A. E. F. 

which they are attached. Those engaged in the 
ambulance service not attached to divisions, wear 
**the White Cock of Verdun'' on a red circular 
field. Those attached to evacuation hospitals or 
base hospitals within the Ad- 
vance Sector, wear the red Lor- 
raine Cross insignia of that sec- 
tion, and those in base hospitals 
within the region of the S. O. S. 
wear the red cross on a white 
shield surrounded by a blue circle. The medical 
men who served in Italy wear the gold dragon 
which indicates Italian service. 

THE QUARTERMASTER DEPARTMENT 

With the exception of the fighting equipment 
and everything required in medical service, all the 
physical needs of the army were supplied by the 
Quartermaster Department. 

The 1,124 commissioned officers and 8,445 en- 
listed men and 20,500 civilian employees who were 
able up to June 30th, 1917, to provide for an army 
of 250,000 men would have been utterly unable to 
provide for an army of 3,500,000 men. As the 
army grew, therefore, this department grew also, 
and by October 15th, 1918, it numbered 11,256 
commissioned officers, 200,354 enlisted men, and 
84,435 civilian employees, 



THE A. E. F. 129 

Even this great increase in the personnel 
would have been insufficient to cope with the 
stupendous question of supply, had it not been 
for the establishment of a zone system. In the 
United States the country was divided into zones 
with a central depot in each responsible for the 
supply of the camps within that zone. The same 
system was used in a modified form overseas. 

A few figures regarding the shipment of food 
may be of interest. Between April 1st, 1917, and 
November 10th, 1918, there were shipped over- 
seas: 

493,162,058 pounds of flour 
213,034,473 pounds of beef 
118,183,810 pounds of canned meats 

54,496,008 pounds of baked beans 

38,832,171 pounds of dry beans 

13,709,341 pounds of prunes 
1,936,159,687 cigarettes 

In order to prevent waste, in October, 1917, a 
system of salvage was introduced. This work 
will continue even now that the war is over. Ar- 
ticles which would have been discarded in former 
wars, will be salvaged. This meant the saving to 
the Government of nearly $63,000,000 in the first 
year of salvage work. 

In addition to sheltering, provisioning and 
clothing this vast army, the Quartermaster De- 



130 THE A. E. F. 

partment purchased over 450,000 horses and mules 
and provided for their forage. 

A very important part of their work has been 
paying the army — in the eyes of some of the men, 
the most important task of all. 

In General Pershing ^s report to the Secretary 
of War, he says, *^The Quartermaster Department 
has had difficult and various tasks, but it has more 
than met all demands that have been made upon 
it. Its management and personnel have been ex- 
ceptionally efficient and deserve every possible 
commendation. ' ' 

All men of the Quartermaster Department wear 
as collar insignia a wheel and cross keys. Men 
attached to a division, corps or army, wear the 
shoulder insignia of the unit to which they are 
attached. The Quartermaster men in the Ad- 
vance Sector wear the insignia of that zone, and 
others wear the insignia of the S. 0. S. 

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT 

Munitions have been used in this war on a scale 
scarcely dreamed of before. It is the Ordnance 
Department which supplies our fighters with ball 
and powder and with the military equipment with 
which they fight. 

The opening of the war found the United States 
with essentially a peace time equipment of fighting 



THE A. E. F. 131 

material. The task of designing, securing and 
caring for all items of fighting equipment as well 
as certain types of motor equipment and personal 
equipment fell to the Ordnance Department, and 
upon the success of that department depended 
largely the success of the actual fighting. 

At the beginning of the war, the Springfield 
Eifle was the standard rifle of the army and there 
were somewhat more than a half million of these 
rifles on hand. These 1903 rifles were the first 
used by American fighters in the war. In Sep- 
tember, the model of 1917 (embodying the best 
features of the American Springfield and the 
British Enfield Eifles) was produced, and consid- 
erably more than two million of these rifles were 
made between October, 1917, and October, 1918. 

To supply a weapon for close combat, pistols 
and revolvers were produced in large numbers. 

A half dozen models of machine-guns came into 
use early in the war as ground or aerial weapons. 
In the evident necessity of having standard 
weapons, the Ordnance Department working in 
cooperation with Mr. John M. Browning of Utah 
designed three new weapons, the Heavy Browning 
Machine-Gun, the Light Browning Machine Eifle 
(known also as the Browning Automatic), and the 
Anti- Aircraft Browning. The first two of these 



132 THE A. E. F. 

weapons were widely used with great success in 
the last few months of the war. 

In June, 1917, it was decided for vital military 
reasons that the Artillery equipment of our forces 
in France should in general conform to the French 
or British calibers. This necessitated the altera- 
tion of existing plants and the creation of new 
facilities for producing the French Models of 
guns and ammunition. These handicaps were 
more than outweighed by the simplification of 
equipment and supply in the field. In the de- 
velopment of plants for the fixation of atmos- 
pheric nitrogen used in various explosives and in 
the production of all kinds of munitions, America 
achieved a record of which she may well be proud. 

In the last days of the war, small caterpillar 
tractors designed by the Ordnance Department 
were used to replace horses for the hauling of 
heavy artillery. 

The Ordnance men in service numbered 64,000. 
In its important technical work, in manning 
warehouses, in handling the tons of ammunition 
and shells, in cleaning and repairing guns of all 
descriptions and, after the armistice, in exploding 
** duds'' and unused ammunition, the Ordnance 
men performed important and often dangerous 
duty. 

A flaming bomb is the ofiicial collar insignia for 



THE A. E. F. 133 

all Ordnance men. The overseas men wear the 
shoulder insignia of the division, corps, or army 
to which they were attached, or the insignia of the 
zone in which they worked. 

SIGNAL CORPS 

Among the departments showing greatest ex- 
pansion as a result of the war, is the Signal Corps. 
At the outbreak of the war, officers and men both 
totaled only 2,585 ; when the armistice was signed, 
the number had grown to 50,000. 

The activities of the Signal Corps were 
numerous. Additional functions were added and 
many new means of signaling were developed. 
Not only did the Signal Corps establish communi- 
cation with all parts of the front line, using for 
this purpose telegraph, telephone, buzzerphone, 
buzzer, radio, lamps, panels, pyrotechnics, arm 
signals, flags, sound signals, runners, mounted or- 
derlies, motorcycle messengers and pigeons, — but 
they also set up a complete telephone and tele- 
graph system behind the lines in France which 
extended to stations in every area where the 
American Army was engaged. Under the direc- 
tion of the Signal Corps, a four-conductor cable 
was laid across the English Channel for the ex- 
clusive use of the American forces. 

The activities extended in other directions also. 



134 THE A. E. F. 

The Photographic Unit prepared a great number 
of still and motion pictures of the war. Standard 
time and a daily forecast of weather conditions 
were furnished to the Expeditionary Forces by 
the Meteorological Service. All Army codes and 
ciphers were under the supervision of the Code 
Compilation Service. Since the Aviation Section 
was part of the Signal Corps from the beginning 
of the war to May, 1918, the Signal Corps had the 
added responsibility of organizing for the pro- 
duction of aircraft and for the operation of mili- 
tary aeronautics. 

The importance of the Signal Corps is summed 
up in the following quotation, *^The Signal Corps 
and its enlisted force are the eyes and the ears 
of the Army. ' ^ 

Crossed flags is the official collar insignia of the 
Signal Corps. Men who have seen service over- 
seas wear the shoulder insignia of the unit to 
which they were attached, or the insignia of the 
zone in which they worked. 

CAVALRY 

In past wars this branch of the service was of 
greatest importance. These soldiers are armed 
with saber, rifle and automatic revolver and are 
trained to fight either on foot or on horseback. 

In covering a retirement of the British in the 



THE A. E. F. 135 

early part of the war, in the Cambrai offensive of 
1917 and in a number of other engagements dur- 
ing the war, the Cavalry rendered notable ser- 
vice. Aside from these instances, on the Western 
front, the Cavalry was used but little, largely 
because of the use of trenches, barb-wire, 
machine-guns and aeroplanes. In the latter part 
of the war, the tanks performed the brilliant ser- 
vice that had been the part of the Cavalry in 
earlier wars. 

With the American Forces in Europe Cavalry 
was attached to each army and army corps, but 
because of the changed methods of warfare re- 
ferred to above, they engaged in little actual fight- 
ing as cavalrymen. Some units were used as 
mounted couriers, others were assigned to Mili- 
tary Police duty. 

In November, 1918, 29,000 cavalrymen were in 
the service; perhaps one-fourth of this number 
served with the A. E. F. Most of the cavalrymen 
in the National Guard units were trained and 
used as Field Artillery and Trench Mortar Troops 
in the World War. 

Crossed sabers are the official collar insignia of 
the Cavalry. In Europe, these men wore the 
shoulder insignia of the Corps or Army to which 
they were attached, or the insignia of the zone in 
which they served. 



136 THE A. E. F. 

THE AIR SERVICE 

When war was declared, the Signal Corps had 
charge of the production and operation of mili- 
tary aircraft. In October, 1917, the Aircraft 
Board was created to act in an advisory capacity 
to the Signal Corps, and in August, 1918, the 
present Air Service was organized. 

To secure spruce and fir, the most needed lum- 
ber in aircraft production, battalions were or- 
ganized under military discipline and placed in 
the forests of the Northwest. So successful was 
this work, that when the armistice was signed, 
approximately 174,000,000 feet of this lumber had 
been cut and kiln dried. More than two-thirds of 
this production went to the Allies. 

There were less than 300 planes owned by the 
United States Government when war was de- 
clared. These were training planes, and all of 
inferior types. Deliveries of improved models 
began as early as June, 1917. When the armistice 
was signed, over 5,300 planes had been produced 
in the United States and 2,676 additional planes 
had been delivered to the A. E. F. by the French 
government. 

In view of the rapid progress in military 
aeronautics, the necessity for the development of 
a high powered motor adaptable to American 



THE A. E. F. 137 

methods of quantity production was early recog- 
nized. The result of the efforts to meet this need 
was the Liberty Motor, Americans chief contribu- 
tion to aviation and one of the great achievements 
of the war. 

After the Liberty Motor emerged from the ex- 
perimental stage, its production increased with 
great rapidity and 13,396 motors had been com- 
pleted by November 8th. About three-fourths of 
this number were of the high compression or 
Army tjipe and one-fourth of this number were of 
the low compression or Navy type, suitable for 
sea planes or large night bombers. 

In addition to those used in planes, about 3,500 
Liberty engines were shipped overseas to be used 
as ** spares'^ and for delivery to the Allies. 

One of the most interesting and important out- 
growths of the research work which the war 
stimulated was the development of voice command 
in formation flying, by means of wireless devices. 
Hitherto the leader of a formation had been de- 
pendent upon signals for conveying instructions 
to individual units of the squadron. 

The three common types of aero squadron are 
the pursuit squadron, the observation, and the 
bombing squadron. All planes are equipped with 
machine-guns. The observation balloons used 
near the battle lines, over harbors, etc., are a part 




138 THE A. E. F. 

of the equipment of the Air Service. The first 
American squadron completely equipped by 
American production crossed the German lines on 
August 7th, 1918. The battle fatalities in the Air 
Service during the war totaled 180, and accidental 
deaths were almost double this number. 

AVhen the armistice was signed, the total 
strength was over 200,000 compris- 
ing 20,000 commissioned officers, 
6,000 cadets under training and 
164,000 enlisted men. The flying 
personnel was composed of about 
11,000 officers, of whom approxi- 
mately 42 per cent were with the Expeditionary 
Force when hostilities ceased. 

General Pershing in his report to the Secretary 
of War says, *'Our aviators have no equals in 
daring or in fighting ability and have left a record 
of courageous deeds that will ever remain a bril- 
liant page in the annals of our Army. ' ^ 

The official collar insignia for 
the air service is a winged propel- 
ler. The shoulder insignia con- 
sists of concentric circles of blue, 
red, and white, the white appearing 
in the center. Some of the bomb- 
ers of the air service wear a special shoulder 
insignia showing a red devil with a pitchfork. 





THE A. E. F. 139 

MOTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE 

This war has called into play forces and equip- 
ment never before nsed in a great war. This is 
the first war of importance in which automotive 
equipment has played a part. On September 6th, 
1918, the present Motor Trans- 
port Corps was organized, an op- 
erating corps charged with de- 
sign, operation, maintenance and 
personnel, with no responsibility 
for procurement or supply. In- 
tensive training camps for instructors were estab- 
lished at Camp Meigs and Camp Johnston, and 
other camps were formed to train men for field 
service, motorcycle drivers, repair men and truck 
masters. 

In accordance with the functions of the Motor 
Transport Corps, there were, roughly speaking, 
three branches: the engineering branch, the field 
branch and the repair branch. The engineering 
department designed many special and technical 
vehicles in cooperation with the corps originating 
them, and developed standardization in other 
motor vehicles. The field branch had charge of 
bringing the trucks overland by convoy for distri- 
bution in the United States, and to points of em- 
barkation for shipment to the American Expedi- 



140 THE A. E. F. 

tionary Force. The Motor Transport Corps, of 
the American Expeditionary Force, issued the 
tracks, which were landed at the ports of debarka- 
tion in France, to units to carry ammunition and 
food and to transport troops. Kepair parks were 
maintained both in this country and France to 
keep all motor vehicles in condition for the most 
efficient service. 

On November 1st, 1918, there were more than 
55,000 motor vehicles on hand overseas, and 12,000 
additional available for shipment. The personnel 
totaled 103,234 men. 

The Motor Transport Service, therefore, has 
had its share in winning the war, and not in win- 
ning it alone, but also in *^ cleaning up" so to 
speak after other branches of the service left for 
home. 

The official collar insignia of the Motor Trans- 
port Service is a winged helmet superimposed on 
a wheel containing the letters M. T. C. Those 
with the overseas service wear a circular shoulder 
insignia with the monogram M. T. C. in red, white 
and purple. A purple circle incloses the mono- 
gram and the whole is on a circular field of violet. 

THE TANK CORPS 

The World War has brought into being numer- 
ous new fighting devices and weapons, among 




THE A. E. F. 141 

which are the tanks, heavy armored motor cars 
usually propelled by a ^^caterpil- 
lar drive/' the basic idea of 
which was suggested by the 
American farm caterpillar trac- 
tor. The tanks are used to break 
through the enemy defenses, enfilade his trenches 
or to cover attacks upon them. 

The Tank Service of the Army was at first 
under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers. 
Later, however, in view of the success of this de- 
vice and the consequent demand for it, a separate 
Tank Corps was organized on March 6th, 1918. 
This department had charge of the operation of 
tanks in the field, and of the recruiting and train- 
ing of personnel, the designing and producing end 
remained in charge of the Ordnance Department. 

Training schools for this branch of the service 
were established in England, France and the 
United States. The training center in the United 
States was originally at Gettysburg but was later 
transferred to the old artillery training ground 
at Tobyhanna, Penna. 

The slogan of the Tank Corps was *^ Treat 'em 
Eough.'' The members of this corps lived up to 
their motto on the Somme in 1916, in General 
Byng's advance toward Cambrai, and finally in 
pushing back the Germans in the Foch drive of 1918. 



142 THE A. E. F. 

In General Pershing's report to the Secretary 
of War, he writes, ^^ While the Tank Corps had 
limited opportunities, its personnel has responded 
gallantly on every possible occasion and has shown 
courage of the highest order/' 

The collar insignia of the Tank Corps is a con- 
ventionalized design of a tank. The men with 
overseas service wear as shoulder insignia, a 
triangle divided into three parts, yellow, blue and 
red. 

CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 

The surprise use of gas by the Germans near 
Ypres in 1915, forced upon the Allied Armies a 
new form of warfare. The chemical work thus 
necessitated in the United States Army was first 
^^^^^^^ taken up by the Bureau of Mines, 
I^^^^^^H whose exhaustive studies in the 
I ^^^^^V poisonous mine gases and the use of 
\ ^^^ masks as a means of protection, 

\w y made their pioneer work of particu- 
^^^ lar value. Later, American univer- 

sities and the Medical Department of the Army 
did much valuable work in developing defensive 
apparatus. The first men sent into service as gas 
and flame troops were members of the Engineer 
Corps. 

The Gas Service of the A. E. F. was established 



THE A. E. F. 143 

in September, 1917, shortly after the Chemical 
Warfare Service had been organized in the United 
States. In addition to the development, produc- 
tion and testing of articles of gas offense and de- 
fense, the Chemical Warfare Service was in 
charge of the training of gas officers, the training 
of all troops in gas defense, and the organization 
of gas troops. On November 1st, the total per- 
sonnel of this service included 1,654 commissioned 
officers and 18,027 enlisted men. 

In offensive operations, gas is employed in 
various ways. Attacks are made by the concen- 
tration of artillery fire in which gas filled shells 
and mortar bombs are used. Effective attacks 
are also made by the so-called Livens projectors. 
A thousand or more of these long narrow tubes 
containing gas filled tubes are placed underground 
in groups of about 25, from 50 to 100 yards apart, 
and are set off instantaneously by means of elec- 
trical connections. Grenades filled with gas and 
smoke preparations are used by the Infantry in 
trench fighting. In the earliest days of gas war- 
fare, the success of an attack depended upon suit- 
able winds. At the signing of the armistice, we 
were equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate 
than France, England or Germany. 

Through the cooperation of various govern- 
mental agencies, an American type of mask has 



144 THE A. E. F. 

been developed which provides twenty times the 
protection of the German mask. Production of 
gas masks started in July, 1917. When the 
armistice was signed, more than frve million masks 
had been made and nearly four million had been 
shipped overseas. The work of the Eed Cross in 
the summer of 1918 in their campaign for saving 
fruit pits and nut shells, was an important factor 
in this remarkable achievement. 

The official collar insignia of the Chemical War- 
fare Service is a design of cross flasks superim- 
posed on a hexagon, representing the famous 
chemical diagram, the symbol of the Benzine Eing. 
The shoulder insignia for these with overseas 
service is a shield, the upper half of which is blue, 
the lower gold. 

OTHER BRANCHES 

The Militia Bureau is the administrative head 
of all the National Guard Organizations in the 
United States. One of its chief duties during the 
war was the organization and supervision of the 
United States Guards of the United States Army. 
The United States was divided into geographical 
departments, and within each of these districts a 
certain number of soldiers were placed to do mili- 
tary guard duty in the cities, to apprehend alien 
enemies who violated their restrictions — to guard 



THE A. E. F. 145 

wharves and bridges and to guard ammunition 
plants, arsenals and government property. The 
men who served as United States Guards were sol- 
diers who because of some minor physical defect 
failed to qualify for overseas service — or men 
above 32 years who volunteered for this service. 

Other smaller branches of the service included 
the spruce production units, the anthracite coal 
miners, special service units, labor and construc- 
tion companies, etc. 

Those in training included the men in depot 
brigades and development battalions, men attend- 
ing the Students' Army Training Corps and the 
Commissioned Officers' Training School. 

The distribution of Distinguished Service 
Medals to various branches of the service is 
shown by the following table : 

D. S. C. AWARDS BY BRANCH OF SERVICE 

Infantry 2,942 

Air Service 251 

Medical Corps 238 

Artillery 183 

Engineers 148 

Signal Corps 50 

Tank Corps 36 

Others 70 

3,918 

As a resume of the Branches of Service, the fol- 
lowing table of battle deaths is interesting. 



146 THE A. E. F. 

Among other things the table shows that only six 
men out of every hundred men who went to France 
were killed in battle. 

BATTLE DEATHS BY BRANCH OF SERVICE 
Number killed in battle and died of wounds as reported in 
the casualty cables. Marines, 48 officers and 1,459 men, are 
not included. 

War Department. (April 12, 1919.) 
Killed in action and Battle deaths per 1,000 
died of wounds average strength A.E.F. 

Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men 

Infantry 1,699 41,420 173.0 139.7 

Tank Corps.... 10 72 58.1 39.0 

Signal Corps . . 9 303 13.6 20.1 

Artillery 98 1,915 16.0 14.7 

Medical 68 698 10.5 12.9 

Engineers 60 1,260 18.0 11.8 

Cavalry 2 52 8.2 11.2 

Ordnance 3 67 6.4 9.4 

Air Service 180 235 54.3 5.6 

Quartermaster . 6 220 3.1 4.1 

Other 29 604 10.4 12.4 

Total 2,164 46,846 61.2 61.6 



CHAPTER VI 

ARMY HONORS AND SYMBOLS 

Medals and Awards 

There are three medals which are awarded by 
the United States for heroic deeds in the service 
of the Nation : 

The Congressional Medal of Honor is the 
highest decoration given by the United States. It 
is also the most difficult to win of any military 
decoration in the world. Its award involves the 
most unusual heroism in the voluntary perform- 
ance of some task which is not required by duty, 
and the performance of which involves extraor- 
dinary risk and responsibility. In the present 
war this medal has been awarded to only 47 men, 
16 of whom are dead. 

The second highest award is the Distinguished 
Service Medal, lis award is confined to those dis- 
tinguishing themselves by exceptionally meri- 
torious service in a duty of great responsibility in 
time of war. This medal differs from the others 
in that it may be awarded to civilians. There 
were about six hundred of these medals awarded 
for distinguished service during the war. 

The third highest honor awarded is the Dis- 

147 



148 THE A. E. F. 

tingnished Service Cross. This decoration is 
given to those who may distinguish themselves by 
extraordinary heroism under circumstances that 
do not justify the award of the Medal of Honor ; 
3,918 of these medals had been awarded up to 
April 1st, 1918. These were distributed as fol- 
lows: 

D. S. C. AWARDS BY SERVICES 

Combatant Forces 3,864 

S. 0. S 2 

Troops with British 5 

Ambulance Service 27 

Officers of French Army 32 

Officers of British Army 3 

Y. M. C. A 3 

3,918 

The Victory Medal 

In addition to these three honor medals awarded 
by the Government, every officer, enlisted man, 
field clerk and army nurse who served with the 
Army of the United States or for a period of 15 
days or longer, whose service was honorable, will 
be awarded the Victory Medal. This medal, bear- 
ing a Winged Victory on the obverse and the in- 
scription ^*The Grreat War for Civilization'^ on 
the reverse, will be awarded the troops of all the 
Allied Nations. Minor changes will, of course, be 
necessary for the award by each nation. The Vic- 



THE A. E. F. 



149 



tory Ribbon, the campaign badge for all nations 
represented in the war, will be identical for all 
nations. It will be a double rainbow placed with 
red in the middle. 

Foreign Medals and Awards 

Just 9,383 officers and men of the A. E. F. had 
been awarded foreign badges and ribbons up until 
February 26th, 1919. 

The Croix de Guerre of France leads all other 
foreign decorations; 8,006 men are entitled to 
wear this medal. Belgian and Italian medals are 
classified as well as English, the number of each 
awarded to American soldiers being : 



French 



British 



Belgian : 



Legion of Honor, 61 ; 

Medaille Militaire, 124; 

Croix de Guerre, 8,006; 

Medaille d'Honneur des Epidemics, 98. 

Knight Commander of the Bath, 1; 

Military Cross, 154; 

Military Medal, 251 ; 

Distinguished Conduct Medal, 74; 

Distinguished Service Order, 11; 

Distinguished Flying Cross, 19; 

Meritorious Service Medal, 3; 

Bar to Military Cross, 5. 

Belgian War Cross, 375; 

Chevalier de I'Ordre de Leopold II, 20; 

Chevalier de I'Ordre de Leopold I, 15; 

Chevalier de I'Ordre de la Couronne, 44; 

Decorations for Officers, 117. 



150 THE A. E. F. 

Italian: Merito Di Guerre, 2; 
Cross of War, 1 ; 
Bronze Medal for Valor, 1 ; 
Service Bar (ribbon), 1. 

In addition to the foregoing badges and ribbons, 
two A. E. F. nnits are entitled to wear the French 
Army decoration, the Fonrragere. Both these 
outfits served with the French Army before the 
United States entered the war. They are the 
103rd Aero Squadron, formerly the Lafayette 
Escadrille, and the 646th Sanitary Service Unit, 
formerly S. S. U. No. 5. Both these organizations 
received two citations in an Order of the Army, 
the necessary requisite for the wearing of the 
decoration. Several A. E. F. units have received 
one citation in an Order of the Army Corps. 

OFFICERS^ INSIGNIA OF RANK 

FouE Silver Stars 

General: The highest rank of the Army, now^ held by two 
officers. 

1. Peyton C. March, Chief of Staff of the United States 

Army. 

2. John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American 

Expeditionary Forces. 

Three Silver Stars 
Lieutenant-General : Two officers hold this rank. 

1. Hunter Liggett, Commander of the First Army. 

2. Robert L. Bullard, Commander of the Second Army. 
iMay, 1919. 



OrnccRs' In^iGniA of RariK'- 



QcflERflU 



3f3f x-)m: 



^ILVtf^ 



LieuTCflflnT 


Jf3f )f 


-^ J 5lLVtR 


^£net\<\u 


r^Hf 


-^ > 5iLven 




y^ 





Couortti 



LltOTErlflMT 
COLOflEU 



Mfijof^ 



CftPTftin 



LtLuTtorttiT 



LituTEOtflfIT 



CHflPi-flin 




5lLV£.f< 



Silver 



) QoLO 



Sttvc 



■Si LVtR 



(^OV.0 



) 3lL 



Officers' Insignia of Rank 



THE A. E. F. 151 

Two Silver Stars 

Major General: Commander of Army corps and divisions; 
also certain Staff officers. 
92 officers hold this rank. 

One Silver Star 

Brigadier General: Commanders of brigades; also certain 
Department officers. 
306 officers hold this rank. 

Silver Spread Eagle 

Colonel: Commander of a regiment or equivalent responsi- 
bility in corps or staff positions. 

Silver Oak Leaf 

Lieutenant- Colonel : Second in Command of a regiment, or 
equivalent responsibility. 

Gold Oak Leaf 

Major: Commander of a battalion, or equivalent responsi- 
bility in department work. 

Two Silver Bars 
Captain : Commander of a company, or battery, or equiva- 
lent responsibility. 

One Silver Bar 

First Lieutenant: Second in command of a company or bat- 
tery. 

One Gold Bar 
Second Lieutenant: The usual rank of entry into commis- 
sioned service. 

Silver Cross 

Chaplain : A special rank. Usually one chaplain is assigned 
to each regiment. 



152 THE A. E. F. 

PAY OF OFFICERS 
OiJicers Annual Base Pay 

General $10,000 

Lieutenant-General 9,000 

Major-General 8,000 

Brigadier-General 6,000 

Colonel 4,000 

Lieutenant-Colonel 3,500 

Major 3,000 

Captain 2,400 

First Lieutenant 2,000 

Second Lieutenant 1,700 

Officers receive fixed allowances for quarters, heat and light, 
but are required to purchase their own uniforms and equip- 
ment. Officers receive a 10 per cent, increase for each term 
of five years' service up to a total of twenty years. They re- 
ceive a 10 per cent, increase for foreign service. 

CHEVRONS 

Chevrons show the rank of non-commissioned officers. 
Herewith is given the base pay for several ranks. Pay for 
foreign service carries an increase approximating 10 per cent, 
of base pay. 

Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or $51 per month 

Regimental Supply Sergeant 51 per month 

First Sergeant 51 per month 

Battalion Sergeant-Major 48 per month 

"Corps" Sergeant 44 per month 

"Line" Sergeant 38 per month 

Corporal 36 per month 

First Class Private 33 per month 

Private ("buck") 30 per month 

SERVICE AND WOUND STRIPES 
Gold stripe on left forearm: 

Each stripe indicates six months' service with the A. E. F. 






'f?£<4if1Et1Tfll.5ER^t(VlT- ^W^ ^^^ dftJOR 

dftJOR Y ^ 



•1^E^\(*lc:tiTAi.6uPPiy 




Line." 



X 



▼ ^17r5T (1op) f C0RP6(nE0>Mu) 

6ERQE.ftdT >5LRQtftMT 



Chevrons 



THE A. E. F. 153 

Gold stripes on right forearm : 

One stripe for every time a man is wounded in action. 
Blue stripe on left forearm: 

Indicates service over-seas for less than six months. 
Silver stripes on left forearm: 

Each stripe indicates six months' service in the Army in 
the U. S. 
Red stripe on left upper arm : 

Dischargred soldier. 



'to' 



BRASSARDS 

Red brassard about left upper arm : 

Indicates orderly bearing messages. 
Blue brassard about left upper arm: 

Indicates Signal corps man on duty. 
Blue brassard with white M. P.: 

Indicates Military Police. 
Red brassard with white P. G. 

Indicates Provost Guard. 
Green brassard 

Indicates Guides and Scouts. 
White brassard 

Indicates Trench Cleaner 
Khaki with red "salvage" 

Indicates member salvage party. 
White with red cross 

Indicates stretcher bearers and medical men. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Silver band on cuff of service coat: 

Wearer completed the work of an officers' training school 
in the A. E. F. but was not commissioned because of the 
signing of the armistice. 

Silver star on left forearm: 

Unauthorized decoration occasionally worn to indicate vol- 
untary enlistment. 



154 THE A. E. F. 

HAT CORDS AND PIPINGS FOR OVER-SEAS CAPS 

Gold General 

Black Staff Departments 

Gold and Black All other officers below General 

Silver and Black Field Clerk 

Buff Quartermaster Corps and Sup- 
ply Train 

Maroon and White Medical Corps 

Scarlet and White Engineer Corps 

Scarlet and Black Ordnance Corps 

Orange and White Signal Corps 

Steel Tank Corps 

Purple Motor Transport Corps 

Green and Black Air Service 

Blue and Gold Chemical Warfare Service 

Scarlet Artillery and Ammunition Train 

Yellow Cavalry 

Light Blue and Red Machine-Gunners 

Light Blue Infantry 

Dark Blue Judge Advocate's Dept. 

Green Cooks and Bakers and Service 

school 
Red, White, and Blue Officers' Training School 

AEMY BRIEFLETS 

DO YOU KNOW THAT 

81 per cent of those wounded were returned to 

duty. 
4,000 American soldiers married French girls 

while abroad. 
Sheridan used a horse in his famous twenty-mile 

ride, the Duke of Wellington rode a horse in his 



THE A. E. F. 155 

trip from Brussels to Waterloo, but when Major 
General Harbord, Commanding General of the 
S. 0. S., had urgent business seventy miles 
away, he phoned for an airplane and made the 
trip in forty minutes. 

By March, 1919, the A. E. F. had smoked 
3,174,871,794 cigarettes and consummed 20,- 
000,000 pounds of candy. 

The War Orphan Campaign of The Stars and 
Stripes ended December 16th, 1918. 3,444 
orphans had been adopted by the A. E. F. The 
payment of 500 francs assured a child a home 
and comfort for one year. A Continuation 
Fund has been established to provide assistance 
for a longer time. French laws prohibit 
adopters from taking their proteges to the 
United States under any circumstances. 

One day's ration for one division of the Army of 
Occupation is : 

3,000 pounds of rice 
24,000 pounds combination bread and flour 
5,000 pounds jam or substitutes (prunes, evaporated fruit, 
raisins, dates) 

500 gallons sirup 
2,500 pounds coffee 
5,000 pounds sugar 
1,500 pounds evaporated milk 

100 gallons vinegar 
1,000 pounds salt 

750 pounds butter, oleomargarine and lard 



156 THE A. E. F. 

600 pounds tobacco (three parts smoking, one part chew- 
ing) 

In addition, 4,000 pounds of beans are issued 
four days out of ten, and 36,000 pounds of candy 
are issued monthly. 

The ^* Draft Dodgers' Club*' is the name which 
has been facetiously given to an organization of 
four seasoned men of Company D, 18th En- 
gineers (Railway) whose combined ages total 
220 years. The quartette enlisted at the be- 
ginning of the war. 

Approximately 1,500,000 recruits underwent a 
psychological examination. Three systems of 
test are in use, the Yerkes-Bridgespoint scale, 
the Stanford-Binet scale and the performance 
scale. Four or five soldiers out of every hun- 
dred received **A" rating — **very superior in- 
telligence''; eight or ten soldiers out of every 
hundred received **B" — ** superior intelli- 
gence." **C," the most common rating, was 
subdivided into ^^C +," ^^C," and ^'C— ," i.e. 
high average intelligence, average intelligence 
and low average intelligence. Those rating 
**E," ^* below ten years of age mentally," were 
either discharged or assigned to special service. 

The Quartermaster purchases involved immense 
sums: 



THE A. E. F. 157 

18,000,000 blankets $128,000,000 

26,000,000 pairs of shoes 162,000,000 

86,000,000 pairs woolen stockings.. 38,000,000 

The first shipment of cargo for the support of the 
A. E. P. was made in June, 1917, and amounted 
to 16,000 tons. By the fall of 1918, the ship- 
ments had so grown that in October, 750,000 
tons were shipped. Altogether at the time the 
armistice was signed, over five million tons had 
been shipped. Of this vast tonnage, only 79,000 
tons were lost at sea. The cargo was carried 
almost exclusively by American vessels. 

In the nineteen months, from the declaration of 
war to the signing of the armistice, 2,074,834 
men were sent overseas, an embarkation record 
never paralleled. 

New York and Newport News have been the prin- 
cipal ports of embarkation. Half the cargo and 
over four-fifths of the troops were shipped from 
Hoboken, and a fourth of the cargo from New- 
port News. The two other principal ports 
were Philadelphia and Baltimore. Smaller 
shipments have been made from New Orleans, 
Charleston, Jacksonville and Boston. 

Army hospitals in the United States cared for 
1,407,191 patients during the war, while those 
of the A. E. F. cared for 755,354. 

The United States paid $2,000,000 for damage 



158 THE A. E. F. 

done in France by the American forces; 50,000 
claims for losses from broken windows to de- 
stroyed forests were settled. These damage 
claims amounted to approximately one dollar 
for every soldier in France. 

The American private, with his base pay of one 
dollar a day, is relatively the best paid soldier 
in the world. Great Britain pays a private 
thirty-six cents a day, Germany ten cents, 
France five cents, and Italy three cents a day. 

American ofiScers are the highest paid men in mili- 
tary service except in the highest ranks, where 
Great Britain pays higher salaries. A captain 
in the U. S. Army receives $2*00 a month, in the 
German Army a captain receives $90 a month, 
Great Britain pays $86, France $80, and Italy 
$70 a month. 

The cost of equipping a soldier for overseas serv- 
ice was approximately $296.85. The equipment 
included 

43 articles Q. M. C. equipment, costing $ 89.67 

24 articles Ordnance equipment, costing 200.00 

2 articles Medical equipment, costing 7.18 

69 articles Total cost $296.85 

The average prices for some of the above articles 
of equipment were as follows : 

Shoes, Field, Heavy Welt $ 6.81 per pair 



THE A. E. F. 159 

Puttees, Woolen (Spiral) $ 2.20 per pair 

Breeches, Wool 0. D 4.82 per pair 

Coat, Wool 0. D 6.78 each 

Overcoat, Short, 0. D 12.17 each 

Cap — Overseas .92 each 

Blankets— 0. D., 3 lbs 6.50 each 

Slicker 3.74 each 

Rifle Model, 1917 19.00 each 

Gas Mask 7.00 each 

One of the most deserving D. S. M. awards of the 
A. E. F. was the Medal presented Miss Grace D. 
Banker of Passaic, N. J., who was chief oper- 
ator at First Army Headquarters during the St. 
Mihiel drive, and who by distinguished service 
assured the telephone system *s success during 
the drive. 

The American troops in their fighting in France 
took more than 10 German prisoners for every 
American captured by the enemy. 

Pneumonia caused 63 per cent, of all the deaths 
from disease among American troops. 

** Khaki" is a Persian word meaning dust or earth 
color. 

**Line'* is an old army term applied to the old 
fighting branches — the infantry, artillery and 
cavalry. It originated in the days when these 
units fought in a line formation. 

On August 23, 1916, the ^^Star Spangled Banner" 
was designated by the President to be the na- 
tional anthem of the United States, 



160 THE A. E. F. 

The initials A. E. F. indicated Australian Expe- 
ditionary Forces, as well as the American Ex- 
peditionary Forces. As a result there was at 
times a confusion in the mail intended for the 
Yanks and the Aussies. 

Cootie Soap is a great American discovery of the 

war. It kills both the cooties and the eggs. 

The formula was prepared by Colonel B. C. 

Howard of the Medical Corps and is as follows : 

Boil one part soap chips in four parts water. 

Add two parts kerosene oil or four parts of 

gasoline. This jellies when cold. 

The Salvage Department has recovered 91 per 
cent of all articles received. $3,000,000 worth 
of materials were salvaged after one American 
battle. 47,000 German prisoners were com- 
pletely clothed, furnished with 0. D. blankets, 
mess kits, etc., from the Salvage Department. 
New equipment would have cost $60.00 a man. 
The Government thus saved $2,820,000. 

Dead horses were inoculated by a special serum to 
prevent decay and shipped to French buyers. 

23,456,021 men registered for military service 
under the Selective Service Law. In the regis- 
tration of September 12th, 1918, of men 18-20 
and 32-45 years, all men were liable to service 
in either the Army, Navy or the Marine Corps. 
In former registrations, men were liable only to 
service in the Army. 



THE A. E. F. 161 

In July, 1918, transportation of troops overseas 

reached the high water mark. In that month 

147 ships transported 311,359 troops overseas. 

Aside from the troops serving in France, the 
United States had forces in other countries as 
follows : 

Italy, 5,589 (February 1, 1919). 

Siberia, 8,838 (March, 1919). 

Eussia, 5,206 (April, 1919). 
105,000 members of the Salvation Army were 

serving as volunteers during the war with the 

various Allied Armies. 
The Y. M. C. A. had a personnel of 12,000 in 

France during hostilities serving with the 

American Army. On May 15th, 1919, 8,000 

were serving overseas. 

The J. W. B. (Jewish Welfare Board) operated 
45 huts in France and had 1,700 workers serving 
with the A. E. F. 

The Y. M. C. A. conducted more than 90,000 
free moving picture shows in France between 
August, 1917, and April, 1919. 

The Knights of Columbus distributed free more 
than a half billion cigarettes during hostili- 
ties. 

The American Red Cross had 9,384 workers 
abroad in November, 1918. The organization dis- 
tributed 6,982,338 knitted garments abroad (in- 



162 THE A. E. F. 

eluding comfort kits). The value of these articles 
was $11,008,063.44. 

The American Library Association received 
overseas more than two and a half million volumes 
of books. In addition to central libraries and a 
collection of 15,000 books at the headquarters at 
Paris, there were library collections in 
636 Y. M. C. A. Centers 
132 Hospitals 
55 K. of C. Centers 
41 Salvation Army Cabins 
17 Y. W. C. A. Centers 
7 Jewish Welfare Board Centers 
21 Naval Stations 
618 Military organizations 
23 Miscellaneous civilian organizations 



CHAPTER VII 

REMINISCENCES 

After the days of fighting are over, after the long 
days of waiting for the steamship that will bear us 
to the homeland are past, after the 0. D. is off and 
we are back in civilian pursuits, the haze of years 
is very likely to cloud our memories. For some, 
as the years go by, the hardships and the battles 
will grow greater, the hikes longer, the cooties and 
the rats more numerous, the mud deeper and 
deeper. These men will be telling open-mouthed 
grandchildren of hikes of 80 kilometers a day, and 
of rivers of blood in the Argonne. Most of us, 
however, will in a measure forget the hardships of 
our experiences, the grease of K. P., and the 
** sweet unreasonableness '' of our C. 0. The 
rough places of army life will be softened by the 
passing of years, and many things formerly a 
burden, a hardship, will later bring a smile. 

It is relatively easy to record facts, and thou- 
sands will record the facts of America's participa- 
tion in the Great War for Civilization. More 
difficult is it to record the attitude of the soldier 
participating in the war, or to describe the atmos- 
phere of the dugout. Few records will be made 
of these features of the war, and yet these features 

163 



164 THE A. E. F. 

are of greater human interest than the details of a 
battle. The present task, therefore, is to discover 
some means by which the attitude of the majority 
of the soldiers may be ascertained. 

A song lives if it expresses an emotion or senti- 
ment felt by a representative majority of people ; 
a slang phrase **goes*' if it expresses something 
that the majority of people want to say. In like 
manner, a saying or expression that is universally 
circulated in the army may be said to owe its ac- 
ceptance to the fact that it voices what the ma- 
jority of the men in the army feel. 

The final pages of this book containing the 
Familiar Expressions of the A. E. F., widely cir- 
culated rumors, bits of soldiers' rhymes, etc., may 
be taken collectively as a record of the average 
soldier's attitude in the present war. 

From a soldier's viewpoint, it is hoped that this 
little record of the things most talked of, and of 
the expressions and events most familiar, will 
awaken old associations and recall the spirit and 
atmosphere of the days in the A. E. F. 

INITIALS 

In the A. E. F. almost everything goes by 
initials. We encounter initials from the day we 
enter the S. 0. S. until we hit the F. L. T. From 
the C. in C. to the humblest K. P., nearly every- 



THE A. E. F. 



165 



body in the army is known by initials. If you 
get a G. S. W. in L. 0. D. and then some A. T. S. 
and reach the E. H., you may get a D. S. C. 

If you get a G. S. W. in a D. D. and become a 
D. P. you are just S. 0. L. and more work for the 
G. E. S. 

Join the I. S. and know the initials of the 
A. E. F. 

FAMOUS INITIALS OF THE A. E. F. 



A. A 


Anti-aircraft 


A. C 


American Canteen 


A. E. F.... 


American Expeditionary Forces 


A. L. A. . . 


American Library Association 


A. N. C... 


American Nursing Corps 


A. P. M.... 


Assistant Provost Marshal 


A. P. 0.... 


American Post Office 


A. 


Army of Occupation 


A. R. C... 


American Red Cross 


A. S 


Air Service, also Advance Sector 


A-m. Tn 


Ammunition Train 


A. T. S.... 


Anti-Tetanus Serum 


A. W. 0. L. 


Absent Without Leave 


C. A. C... 


Coast Artillery Corps 


C. C 


Compound Cathartic 


C. in C... 


Commander in Chief 


c. a 


Commander of the Guard 


C. I 


Cootie Inspection 


C. 


Commanding Officer 


c. p. 0.... 


Central Post Office 


C. R. 0.... 


Central Records Office 


C. S. w.... 


Chemical Warfare Service 


D. D 


Deep Dugout 



166 



THE A. E. F. 



D. P 


Daisy Pusher (Deceased soldier) 


D. S. C... 


DistingTiished Service Cross 


D. S. M.... 


Distinguished Service Medal 


E. H 


Evacuation Hospital 


E. S 


Evacuation Service 


F. A 


Field Artillery 


F. L. T 


Front Line Trench 


F. K 


Field Kitchen 


F. S. C... 


Field Signal Corps 


G-1 




G-2 - ... 


.General Staff Officers 


G-^3 




G. C. M.... 


General Court Martial 


G. H. Q.. . . 




G. I 


Galvanized Iron (Bombs and shells) 


G. 


General Order 


G. R. S.... 


Grave Registration Service 


G. S. W.... 




H. D. Q.... 




H. M. T.... 


His Majesty's Transport 


H. T 




I. S 




J. W. B.... 


Jewish Welfare Board 


K. C 


Knights of Columbus 


K. P 


Kitchen Police 


L. B 


Labor Battalion 


L. 0. D.... 


Line of Duty 


M. D 


Medical Department 


M. G 


Machine- Gun 



THE A. E. F. 167 

M. 0. R. S Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop 

M. P Military Police 

M. T. C Motor Transport Corps 

0. D Olive Drab (uniform), also Officer of the Day 

0. P Obsei'vation Post 

Ord Ordnance 

P. C Post of Commander 

P. G Provost Guard, also Prisoner d'Guerre 

P. I Pioneer Infantry 

P. & S Pick and Shovel 

P. W Prisoner of War 

Q. M. C Quartermaster Corps 

R. K Rolling Kitchen 

R. T. Railway Transportation Officer 

S. C Signal Corps 

S. C. D Surgeon's Certificate of Disability 

S. C. M Summary Court Martial 

S. 0. L Sadly out of Luck (censored) 

S. 0. S Service of Supply 

San. Tr Sanitary Train 

Sup. Tr Supply Train 

S. S Statistical Section 

S. V. P If you please 

S. S. U Sanitary Service Unit 

T. B Tuberculosis 

T. C Tank Corps 

T. M Train Master 

U. S. A United States Army 

U. S. M. C United States Marine Corps 

U. S. N United States Navy 

U. S N. A United States National Army 



168 



THE A. E. F. 



U. S. N. G United States National Guard 

W. C. C. S War Camp Community Service 

W. W Whistling Willies 



Y. M. C. A. 
Z. A 



. . . Young Men's Christian Association 
. . . Zone of Advance 



FRENCH THAT EVERY SOLDIER KNEW 



As It Sounds 
Ah! Wee 
No-compra 
Bo Koo 
Combe-en ? 
Sangsant-santeems 

(rare) 
Dees-Frank (common) 
Seel-voo-play 
Oof 

Vin-rooge 
Champane 
Co-ne-ac 
Zig-zag 

Bon-joor-mademoiselle 

Voulay-promenade 

avec muh? 
Demane 
Parbon 
Ceswar 
Tray-been 
Macharee 
Embrassa mei 
Bon swar 
Finny legare 
Allay toot sweet 
Sooveneer de France 



French 
Ah! Oui 
Ne comprez pas 
Beaucoup 
Combien ? 
Cinquant centimes 

Dix Francs 

S'il vous plait 

Oeuf 

Vin rouge 

Champagne 

Cognac 

Zig-zag 

Bon Jour Made- 
moiselle 

Voulez-vous prome- 
nade avec moi? 

Demain 

Pas bon 

Ce soir 

Tres bien 

Ma cherie 

Embrass moi 

Bon soir 

Finis la guerre 

Allez tout-de-suite 

Souvenir de France 



What It Means 
Yes, (sure) 
Don't get you 
Much, Plenty 
How much? 
One frog dime (9c) 

Good-by two bucks! 

If you please 

One egg 

Red wine 

Champagne 

Brandy 

Too much of the 

above ( drunk ) 
Howdy, chicken 

How about a walk? 

To-morrow 

Very bad 

To-night 

Very good 

My dear 

Kiss me, kid 

Good-night 

War over 

Get out quick 

Silk handkerchiefs 



THE A. E. F. 169 

CONFIDENTIAL GUIDE 

WHAT NOT TO FEED THE RETURNED SOLDIERS! 

Arw^y Name Civilian Disguise 

1. Canned Willie Corned Beef 

2. Goldfish Salmon 

3. Slum Meat Stew 

4. Hardtack Hard Bread 

5. Beans Beans 

6. Alfalfa Hydrated Vegetables 

7. Rabbit food Carrots 

Findings of a Caucus Aboard the U. S. S. Louisville, 

March, 1919 

LET'S BE FRANK 
Did you ever hear of a division : 
That didn't fight the Prussian Guards ^ 
That wasn't used as shock troops'? 

That didn't capture German women using machine-guns'? 
That didn't boast an Artillery Sergeant who killed a Captain 

who was proved to be a German spy? 
That didn't pick flaws in the fighting ability of the division on 

their left"? 
That didn't think that it would be home by Christmas? 

GENERAL ORDERS 

(Revised for those about to leave the service) 
By Happy Hobart 

Every soldier who is liable to Guard Duty is required to 
memorize the twelve general orders and to be able to repeat 
them on demand. With Private Hobart's permission his re- 
vision is published. 

1. To take charge of my discharge and annex all 
Government property in view. 



170 THE A. E. F. 

2. To accept my discharge in a military manner, 

keeping always on the alert, observing that 
it will not be revoked before I get out of 
sight or hearing. 

3. To take the fastest train home and not to stop 

at any military post on my way. 

4. Not to quit civil life after being discharged 

from the army. 

5. To repeat all rumors that originate at points 

nearer headquarters than my own. 

6. To receive, believe and pass on to my children 

all statements confirming General Sher- 
man ^s idea of war. 

7. To talk to no one about reenlisting. 

8. In case of the presence of a recruiting officer 

to give the alarm. 

9. When calling on a girl to allow no military 

person on or near my reservation. 

10. To salute all officers who assisted me in getting 

my discharge and to salute all Budweiser 
and Vin Rouge not cased. 

11. In any case not covered by instructions to 

claim exemption. 

12. To be especially watchful at night to allow no 

one to pass without buying a drink. 



THE A. E. F. 171 

*^LEST WE FORGET'' 

MUD 

It drippeth and it sticketh, 
It clingeth to the hair; 
It's where you eat, 
It's where you sleep, 
Mud, Mud everywhere. 

COOTIES 
I've hunted the Hun in the Argonne, 
At camouflage they were expert. 
Hard hunting 'twas true, but far harder to do 
Was to find the last '^coot" in your shirt. 

RATS 
Of all the beasts that roam in France 

The fiercest are the rats. 
They fear not guns nor bombs nor men, 

They often kill the cats. 

On bunks and floor all night they play 

And practice squad formation. 
They steal our eats and steal our sox — 

We supply their army ration. 

One night old Jim woke with a yell 

Most piteous to hear. 
He dreamed a bullet bored him through — 

A rat had chewed his ear. 



172 THE A. E. F. 

There 're rats in dugouts, trench and field, 
They thrive in every weather. 

Tho ' armies come and armies go. 
The rats increase forever. 



RUMORS 

The spice of army life! The latest *^ official 
dope'' that spreads faster than the flu. The 
spark of comedy that keeps hope alive forever. 

Do you remember these : 

We leave for overseas next week. 

We'll see land to-morrow. 

Big Allied offensive starts within 48 hours. 

Edison gas will be used in the next offensive. 

Foch has warned all civilians to withdraw fifty 
miles. 

Metz has fallen. 

We're going to a rest camp. 

General X of the Division on the left has 

been relieved, court-martialed and returned to the 
States. 

President Wilson has been assassinated. 

The armistice will be signed to-night. 

We start for the ports next Tuesday. 

We'll get our discharge to-morrow. 



THE A. E. F. 173 

FAMILIAR EXPRESSIONS OF THE A. E. F. 

It 's a great life if you don 't weaken ! 

Another day, another dollar; a million days, a 

million dollars. 
So this is France ! 
And they call this a rest camp ! 

Those d bees! 

They can^t make you do it, but they can make 

you wish you had done it. 
40 Hommes, 8 chevaux — (side door Pullman). 
Where do we go from here T 
We're hittin\ 

It's all right — if you can get away with it. 
When do we eat? 

And they call this ^* Sunny France^'! 
Wounded in the battle of Champagne. 
You tell 'em. 
Eearin' to go! 
I '11 say he 's hard boiled. 
Slum for supper. 
What outfit's this? 
Going in, or coming out? 
Up and at 'em! 
Hell, Heaven or Hoboken ! 
We're goin' to be relieved to-night. 
How long have you been fighting on this front? 
Lucky goldbrick ! 
What part of the States do you come from? 



174 THE A. E. F. 

FAMILIAR EXPRESSIONS OF THE A. E. F. 

When do we go home 1 
Wanna go home. 
Can^t stand there, soldier. 
Who said reenlist? 

COMFY HOSPITAL 

(Dedicated to T. T. D.) 

I 

If yon ever stop some shrapnel, 

Or can raise an ache or pain ; 

If you're tired of fighting ^* cooties'' 

And a-workin' in the rain, 
Well, I know a place of refuge 
And I '11 whisper you its name. 

Eef rain : 
Hospital — Comfy Hospital ! 
No more mud and lots of eats, 
Nice soft bed and even sheets. 
When you hear the bugle call, 
There you don't fall out at all. 
Nurses hold you in a trance. 
Finest place in all of France 
Is the Hospital ! 

n 

If you're sore at your top sergeant 
And you do not like your Cap. 
When you ask him for a transfer 



THE A. E. F. 175 

And he comes back with a rap, 
Well, there 's one place that will take you 
And I'll tell you where it's at. 
Eefrain. 

Ill 

If you 're tired o ' digging ditches 
And policing through the snow ; 

If your name is extra duty, 
And you live on K. P. Row 

And you 're listed for Court Martial 
Then I '11 tell you where to go. 
Refrain. 

IV 

If you're homesick for the ladies. 
And the French dames will not do 

And you're hungry for a real smile 

That will thrill you through and through, 

There's one place you'll find real girlies 
And I'll name that place for you. 
Refrain. 

V 

All you need is that blue ticket 

And some clever little bluff 
That will keep you round the Ward stove 

When the outside 's kind o ' rough 



176 THE A. E. F. 

Then you're in for solid comfort 
And a heap of goldbrick stuff. 
Eefrain. 

Written at E. H. No. 21, 
Bazoilles Center, February, 1919. 

WHO WON THE WAR? 

Who won the war 1 This is the one great ques- 
tion that the soldiers of the Allies have never been 
able to decide among themselves. Each nation 
has put her whole soul and strength into the war. 
It is only natural, therefore, that each nation 
should claim the great victory for herself; that; is 
her privilege. Every Tommie thinks that Great 
Britain won the war, and can cite great naval 
achievements and great victories of the British 
Army to support his argument. Every soldier 
of the Italian Army is convinced that the en- 
trance of Italy at a critical hour saved the war 
for the Allies. Every Belgian soldier thinks that 
the heroic fight of the little Belgian Army was the 
really big item of the war. Every soldier of the 
French Army speaks glibly of their long fight of 
more than four years, telling you of the Marne 
and Verdun, and asks with a shrug, **Can there 
be a question?'' Finally every Yank knows that 
America won the war and points with pride 
to Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and the Argonne. 



THE A. E. F. 177 

But even this does not settle the question for the 
energetic Yank. He must decide just what 
branch of the service won the war. Ask the 
doughboys who won the war and they will tell you 
the M. P. 's and the Y. M. C. A. Ask the boys in 
the forward areas and they will give the victory to 
the S. 0. S., the Air Service or the Q. M. C. And 
when the question is put to the boys in the S. 0. S. 
they will reply that the Silver Stripes won the 
war. Certain periodicals have declined these 
suggestions and have accorded the honor to the 
Marines. One second Lieutenant of the Q. M. C. 
spent a full ninety days preparing an argument 
to prove that the officers won the war. And so 
the argument revolves around and around like the 
wheel in a squirrel cage until in the dizzy whirl, 
the men sometimes lose sight of that Good-will, 
without which, Peace on Earth would be a failure. 
It is idle to say that any one nation or that any 
branch or unit of any one nation won the war. 
The victory was a result of unity of purpose ; of 
unity of action; of the most extensive cooperation 
that the world has ever known. It was the bleed- 
ing hearts, the bruised souls of a score of nations 
protesting against a murderous assault on Civili- 
zation that prompted the sending forth of armies 
to battle for Liberty. It was the loyal coopera- 
tion, the self-sacrifice of the civilians of the na- 



178 THE A. E. F. 

tions that equipped the Armies and provided the 
sinews of war. And finally it was the tireless 
work of the Allied navies in cooperation with the 
unified action of all the Allied armies, inspired by 
the love, sacrifice and prayers of all the nations, 
that caused crushing defeat to the Arch Enemy of 
Civilization. 

The war is at an end. The Nations are laying 
down their arms. Not so lightly, however, are 
the ideals, the spirit of unity and cooperation to be 
laid aside. The many wooden crosses in France 
and Belgium and beyond the Alps and those more 
scattered graves beneath the restless waves — these 
are mutely crying that Death may not have been 
in vain; they are mutely crying for a Future for 
which they have given their all, a Future based on 
love, sacrifice, unity, cooperation; a glorious Fu- 
ture based on the Brotherhood of Man. 



APPENDIX 

We often hear of the exploits of a certain regi- 
ment. Since the history of the war is written 
largely in terms of divisions, the following table 
will be of value in finding to what division a cer- 
tain regiment belonged. It will also be of value 
in showing just what units were contained in each 
division. 



179 



180 



THE A. E. F. 



UNITS COMPRISING DIVISIONS 



.2 

• i-l 
> 


Ol 


i 


< 




00 

g 

"So 
c 


Field 
Sig. Bn. 
Trains 
and M.P. 


1 


16-18-26-28 


1- 2- 3 


5- 6- 7 


1 


1 


2 


1 


2 


9-23-51-61 


4- 5- 6 


12-17-15 


2 


2 


1 


2 


3 


4- 7-30-38 


7- 8- 9 


10-18-76 


3 


6 


5 


3 


4 


39-47-58-59 


10-11-12 


13-16-77 


4 


4 


8 


4 


5 


6-11- 6-61 


13-14-15 


19-20-21 


5 


7 


9 


5 


6 


51-52-53-54 


16-17-18 


3-78-11 


6 


318 


6 


6 


7 


34-55-56-64 


19-20-21 


8-79-80 


7 


5 


10 


7 


8 


8-12-13-62 


22-23-24 


2-81-83 


8 


319 


320 


8 


9 


45-46-67-68 


25-26-27 


25-26-27 


9 


209 


209 


9 


10 


20-41-69-70 


28-29-30 


28-29-30 


10 


210 


210 


10 


11 


17-63-71-72 


31-32-33 


70-71-72 


24 


211 


211 


24 


12 


36-42-73-74 


35-36-34 


34-35-36 


12 


312 


312 


12 


13 


1-44-75-76 


37-38-39 


37-38-39 


13 


213 


213 


13 


14 


10-40-77-78 


40-41^2 


40-41-42 


14 


214 


214 


14 


15 


43-79-57-80 


43-44-45 


43-44-45 


15 


215 


215 


15 


16 


21-81-32-82 


46-47-48 


46-47-48 


16 


216 


216 


16 


17 


5-83-29-84 


49-50-51 


49-50-51 


17 


217 


217 


17 


18 


19-85-35-86 


52-53-54 


52-53-54 


18 


218 


218 


18 


19 


14-87- 2-88 


55-56-57 


55-56-57 


19 


219 


219 


19 


20 


48-89-50-90 


58-59-60 


58-59-60 


20 


220 


220 


20 


26 


101-102 
103-104 


101-102 
103 


101-102 
103 


101 


101 


101 


101 


27 


105-106 
107-108 


104-105 
106 


104-105 
106 


102 


102 


102 


102 


28 


109-110 
111-112 


107-108 
109 


107-108 
109 


103 


103 


103 


103 


29 


113-114 
115-116 


110-111 
112 


110-111 
112 


104 


104 


104 


104 


30 


117-118 
119-120 


113-114 
115 


113-114 
115 


105 


105 


105 


105 


31 


121-122 
123-124 


116-117 
118 


116-117 
118 


106 


106 


106 


106 



THE A. E. F. 181 



ca 
O tit fi & 



f^ 



•3 « ,^ I ^ .S -^ W c -^ 

:s -d • t ! o ^ :^ to £ -^ 

32 125-126 119-120 119-120 107 107 107 107 
127-128 121 121 

33 129-130 122-123 122-123 108 108 108 108 
131-132 124 124 

34 133-134 125-126 125-126 109 109 109 109 
135-136 127 127 

35 137-138 128-129 128-129 110 110 110 110 
139-140 130 130 

36 141-142 131-132 131-132 111 111 111 111 
143-144 133 133 

37 145-146 134-135 134-135 112 112 112 112 
147-148 136 136 

38 149-150 137-138 137-138 113 113 113 113 
151-152 139 139 

39 153-154 140-141 140-141 114 114 114 114 
155-156 142 142 

40 157-158 143-144 143-144 115 115 115 115 
159-160 145 145 

41 161-162 146-147 146-147 116 116 116 116 
163-164 148 148 

42 165-166 149-150 149-150 117 117 117 117 
167-168 151 151 

76 301-302 301-302 301-302 301 301 301 301 
303-304 303 303 

77 305-306 304-305 304-305 302 302 302 302 
307-308 306 306 

78 309-310 307-308 307-308 303 303 303 303 
311-312 309 309 

79 313-314 310-311 310-311 304 304 304 304 
315-316 312 312 

80 317-318 313-314 313-314 305 305 305 305 
319-320 315 315 

81 321-322 316-317 316-317 306 306 306 306 
323-324 318 318 



182 



THE A. E. F. 



§ 

•I-l 
IS 

> 


1— 1 


82 


325-326 




327-328 


83 


329-330 




331-332 


84 


333-334 




335-336 


85 


337-338 




339-340 


86 


341-342 




343-344 


87 


345-346 




347-348 


88 


349-350 




351-352 


89 


353-354 




355-356 


90 


357-358 




359-360 


91 


361-362 




363-364 


92 


365-366 




367-368 


93 


369-370 




371-372 









a 

'So 


ield 
g.Bn. 


•■-1 


^ 


< 


hS 


H 


f^ '^ 


H 05 


319-320 


319-320 


307 


307 


307 


307 


321 


321 










322-323 


322-323 


308 


308 


308 


308 


324 


324 










325-326 


325-326 


309 


309 


309 


309 


327 


327 










328-329 


328-329 


310 


310 


310 


310 


330 


330 










331-332 


331-332 


311 


311 


311 


311 


333 


333 










334-335 


334-335 


312 


312 


312 


312 


336 


336 










337-338 


337-338 


313 


313 


313 


313 


339 


339 










340-341 


340-341 


314 


314 


314 


314 


342 


342 










343-544 


343-344 


315 


315 


315 


315 


345 


345 










346-347 


346-347 


316 


316 


316 


316 


348 


348 










349-350 


349-350 


317 


317 


317 


317 


351 


351 











1 U. S. Marines. 



THE A. E. F. 18 



REFERENCES 
"Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States 

Army." — Heitman. 
"Our Country." — Lossing. 

"History of the World War." — Frances A. March. 
Report of the Secretary of War — 1918. 
World Almanac— 1919. 

"Weekly Press Intei'view" by the Chief of Staff. 
"Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army." — 

Heitman. 
"Battles of America." — Tomes. 



INDEX 



Acorn Division, 103 

See Eighty-seventh Division 
Adjutant General's Department, 
28 

Collar insignia of, 115 
Advance Sector 

Insignia of, 46 

Insignia worn by, 128, 130, 
133 

Location of, 45 

Shelling of, 46 

Units located in, 46 
Advance made by divisions, 113 
A. E. F. 

Commanded by, 37 

Confusion of initials, 160 

Famous initials of, 164 

Greatest engagements of, 57 

Guns, etc., captured by, 57 

Hospitals of, 126, 157 

Major engagements of, 57 

Organization of, 37 

Prisoners captured by, 57, 159 

Shipment of cargo to, 157 

Signal service for, 133, 134 

Spirit of, 164 

Total losses in, 33 

Troops serving at various 
dates, 30 
Aeroplanes 

Direct artillery, 122 

Equipment of, 137 

Fighting, 42 

Furnish rapid transportation, 
155 

Hostile attack by, 42 

Observation, 42 



185 



Part in battle, 42 

Photographers, 42 

Production of, 136 

Pursuit, 42 

Voice command of, 137 

Work of, 116 
Aero Squadron 

Of an army corps, 38 

Receives French Fourragere, 
150 

Types of, 137 
Aid to General, 115 
Aircraft Board, 136 
Air Park, 37, 45 
Air Service, 165, 177 

Awards, 145 

Balloons, part of, 137 

Battle deaths per tliousand, 
146 

Commendation of, 138 

Fatalities in, 138, 146 

First American squadron, 138 

Hat cord of, 154 

Insignia of, 115, 138 

Liberty motor produced, 137 

Number killed in battle, 146 

Organized as separate branch, 
136 

Per cent of troops in air serv- 
ice, 115 

Personnel of, 138 

Production of planes, 136, 
137 

Strength of, November, 1918, 
115 

Timber production for, 136 

Types of Aero Squadrons, 137 



186 



INDEX 



Air Service (cont'd) 

Under Aircraft Board, 136 
Under Signal Corps, 136 
Where trained, 28 
Aisne 

Defensive, 26, 57 
French advance along, 16 
Marne oflFensive, 27, 57 
See Oise-Aisne 
Alabama 

Anniston (Camp McClellan), 

83 
Montgomery ( Camp Sheri- 
dan), 75, 90 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-second Di- 
vision, 100 
in Ninety-second Division, 

108 
in Thirty-ninth Division, 

92 
in Thirty-first Division, 85 
Alamo Division, 106 

See Ninetieth Division 
Alaska 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Ninety-first Divi- 
sion, 107 
Ail-American Division, 100 

See Eighty-second Division 
Allen, Henry T., Major General, 

56 
Allied nations 

Cooperation of, 178 
Died in battle, 19 
Men in arms, 19 
Total casualties, 19 
Total population, 18 
Troops wear Victory Medal, 
148 
Allies 

Aided in aeroplane produc- 
tion, 136 
Austria surrenders to, 16 



Begin Somme offensive, 15 
Bulgaria surrenders to, 16 
Cross the Oise, 16 
IMake great advances, 16 
Naval forces bombard Ostend, 

16 
Reject German peace offer, 15 
Turkey surrenders to, 16 
Alsace 

Eightv-eighth Division activ- 
ity, 104 
Thirty-second Division activ- 
ity, 86 
Twenty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 83 
Ambulance 

Companies of a division, 39 

of an army corps, 38 
Work in an offensive, 44 
Ambulance service, 127 
American 

Artillery fires first shot, 25 
Battle casualties, 26, 33 
Flag carried into battle, 25 
Merchant vessels destroyed, 

34 
Troops take position in front 

line, 25 
Troops reach France, 25 
American Canteen, 165 
American Nursing Corps, 165 
American Library Association, 

162, 165 
American Red Cross, 165 

Garments and kits sent 

abroad, 161 
Summer campaign of 1918, 

143 
Workers overseas, 161 
Work of doctors, 66 
Americans 

Begin Argonne offensive, 16 
Lost on Lusitania, 15, 24 
on Tuscania, 26 



INDEX 



187 



Americans (cont'd) 
Occupy Sedan, 16 
Repulse attack near Toul, 26 
Smash Hindenburg line, 16, 
27 
America's losses in the World 

War, 33 
America's Part in the World 

War, 23 
Amiens, 16 
Amiens sector, 87 
Ammunition 

Calibers changed, 132 
Destruction of unused, 132 
Equipment of a division, 60 
Handling of, 132 
How conveyed, 65 
Ammunition dumps 

Destroyed after armistice, 

132 
Location of, 45 
Prepared for offensive, 40 
Target for artillery, 41 
Ammunition train, 165 

Attached to artillery in bat- 
tle, 122 
Commander of, 64 
Duties of, 65, 121 
Hat cord of, 154 
Of a division, 39, 65 
Part in an offensive, 44 
Per cent of service, 115 
Strength in a division, 60 
March, 1917, 115, 
November, 1918, 115 
Anould sector, 73 
Ansawville Sector, 68 
Anthracite Coal Mines, 145 
Anti-aircraft 

Equipment of an Army Corps, 

38 
Location of guns in an offen- 
sive, 45 
Anti-aircraft service, 165 



Action against hostile planes, 
42, 119 

Insignia, 124, 125 

Pits for guns, 123 

Types of guns used, 123, 124, 
131 
Anti-tetanus serum, 65, 165 
Antwerp, 14 
Archangel, 27 
Argonne Forest 

Infantry fighting in, 116, 117 

Memories of, 163 
Argonne-Meuse offensive 

American offensive begins, 16 

Date of, 27, 57 

Eightieth Division activity, 
98 

Eighty-first Division activity, 
99, 100 

Eighty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 105 

Eighty-second Division activ- 
ity, 100 

Fifth Division activity, 73 

First Division activity, 68 

Forty-second Division activ- 
ity, 94 

Fourth Division activity, 72 

How commanded, 39 

How fought, 39 

Ninetieth Division activity, 
106 

Ninety- first Division activity, 
107 

Ninety-second Division activ- 
ity, lOS 

Ninetv-third Division activ- 
ity, 109 

Participation of First Army, 
49 

Per cent of casualties, 36 

Plan of battle, 44 

Second Division activity, 
70 



188 



INDEX 



Argoniie-Meuse (cont'd) 

Seventy-eighth Division activ- 
ity, 96 

Seventy-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 97 

Seventy-seventh Division ac- 
tivity, 96 

Sixth Division activity, 74 

Third Division activity, 71 

Thirty-fifth Division activity, 
89 

Thirty-second Division activ- 
ity, 86 

Thirty-seventh Division activ- 
ity, 90 

Twenty-eighth Division activ- 
ity, 83 

Twenty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 83, 84 

Twenty-sixth Division activ- 
ity, 81 
Arizona 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Fortieth Division, 
92 

Troops in Ninetieth Division, 
106 
Arkansas 

Little Rock (Camp Pike), 103 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Eighty-seventh 
Division, 103 

Troops in Thirty-ninth Divi- 
sion, 92 
Armistice 

Effective between Russia and 
Germany, 16 

Germany signs, 17 

See "Rumors," 127-172 
Army, 167 

A fighting unit, 28 

Amusements and recreations, 
32 

Camps and cantonments, 32 



Casualties, 33 
Growth of, 29, 30, 31 
Honors and symbols of, 147 
Housing of, 32 
Officers, 32 
Organization of, 28 
Strength of, 30, 35, 38 
Training of in camps, 33 
Type, Liberty motor, 137 
Army, American 
A changing unit, 59 
Commanded by, 37 
Composed of, 37 
History of the three armies, 

49 
Location of in combat, 45 
Number of, 37 

Troops engaged in actual com- 
bat, 57 
Y. M. C. A. serving with, 161 
See First Army 

Second Army 

Third Army 
Army Corps 

A changing unit, 59 
Commanded by, 38 
Composing an army, 37 
Composition of, 38, 51 
Fighting unit, 28 
Histories of, 51 
Location in combat, 45 
Location of various units of, 

45 
Number of, 38, 51 
Part in Argonne offensive, 39, 

40 
Strength of, 38 

Troops engaged in actual com- 
bat, 57 
See First Army Corps 

Second Army Corps 

Third Army Corps 

Fourth Army Corps 

Fifth Army Corps 



INDEX 



189 



Army Corps (cont'd) 
See Sixth Army Corps 
Seventh Army Corps 
Eighth Armv Corps, etc. 

Army life, 172, 173 

Army of occupation, 165, 155 
See Third Army 

Artillery 

Aids Infantry, 58 
Ammunition Carried for, 65 
Train attached to, 122 
Used, 63 
Anti-aircraft, 38 
Awards, 145 
Battle deaths per thousand, 

145 
Barrage, 40 
Captured, 57 
Command of, 122 
Equipment changed for World 

War, 132 
Hat cord of, 154 
How directed, 42, 122 
Importance of, 122 
Increased use of, 121, 124 
Insignia of, 124 
Kinds in a division, 63 
Kinds of shells used, 41 
Numbering of regiments, 179 
Number killed in battle, 145 
Of an army, 37 
Of a division, 39, 63 
Part in an offensive, 42, 44 
Prepared for an offensive, 40 
Reserve mallet attached to, 

123 
Silenced, 43 
Signals used, 122 
Trench mortar attached, 124 
Types of artillery used, 121 
Value to whole army, 124 
WTiere stationed, 63 
Work of, 63, 116, 121 



See Anti-aircraft guns at- 
tached, 129 
Coast Artillery 
Field Artillery 
Railroad Artillery 

Artillery, heavy 
Location of, 121 
Transportation of, 132 

Artillery, park, 38 

Artois Front, 98 

Assistant Provost Marshal, 165 

Austria-Hungary 

Archduke assassinated, 13, 14 
Attacks Serbia, 14 
Date entered war, 18 
Declares war on Russia, 14 
Declares war on Serbia, 14 
Number died in battle, 20 
Men in arms, 20 
Population of, 18 
Sends ultimatum to Serbia, 14 
Severs diplomatic relations 

with U. S., 25 
Surrenders to Allies, 16 
Total casualties, 20 
War declared by Great 
Britain, 14 
France, 14 
United States, 16, 26 

Austrians, 16 

Australians, 160 

Automatic rifles 

Equipment of a division, 60 
Use of, 131, 132 

Auxiliary Units 
Of an army, 37 
Of an Army Corps, 38 

Aviation, 134 

Awards 

By Services, 148 

Of foreign medals, 149 

To branches of service, 145 

To divisions, 113 



190 



INDEX 



Baccarat Sector 

Fortv-second Division activ- 
ity, 26, 94 

Thirty-seventh Division activ- 
ity, 90 

Seventy-seventh Division ac- 
tivity, 94 
Back area, 45 
Bakers, 154 
Bakery Company, 38 
Balloon 

Company of an Army Corps, 
38 

Direction of artillery fire, 122 

Observation, 43, 137 

Part in an offensive, 42 

Part of air service, 137 

Preparations for an offensive, 
40 
Ballon, Charles C, Major Gen- 
eral, 55, 108 
Band, regimental, 62 
Barrage 

How lifted, 40 

Uses of, 41 
Bar-sur-Aube, 50 
Base Hospitals 

Duties of, 66 

First Unit sailed, 25 

Insignia of, 128 

Location of, 46, 48 

Number in A. E. F., 126 

Of an army, 38 
Battalion Sergeant Major, 152 
Battles 

Memories of, 163 

Offensive, 40 

Of Vittorio, Italy, 27 
Battle deaths 

Allied nations, 19 

By branch of service, 146 

Central Powers, 20 

First American, 26 

In American divisions, 110 



In the A. E. F., 33, 145 

In important wars of United 
States, 35 

In World War, 13, 20 
Beans 

Pounds shipped overseas, 129 

See "Confidential Guide," 169 
Beauregard, camp 

Seventeenth Division trained 
at, 79 

Thirty-ninth Division trained 
at, 92 
Belgium 

Crosses in, 178 

Date entered war, 17 

Died in battle, 19 

German outrages in, 23 

Invaded by Germans, 14 

Kilometers of front line held, 
20 

Medals and awards to A. E. 
F., 149 

Men in arms, 19 

Ninety-first Division activity 
in, 107 

Per cent of front line held, 21 

Population, 17 

Receives ultimatum from 
Germany, 14 

Thirty-seventh Division activ- 
ity, 91 

Total casualties, 19 

Twenty-seventh Division ac- 
tivity in, 81 

Views on winning of war, 176 
Bellicourt, 82 
Big Bertha, 47 
Black Hawk Division, 103 

See Eighty-sixth Division 
Blanc Mont Sector 

Second Division activity in, 
70 

Thirty-sixth Division activity, 
90 



INDEX 



191 



Blue and Gray Division, 83 
See Twenty-ninth Division 

Blue Ridge Division, 98 
See Eightieth Division 

Bolivia, 19 

Bolsheviki, 33 

Bombers and sappers, 61 

Bombing squadron, 137 

Books 

In Paris, 162 

Number in A. E. F., 162 

Bourges 

Location of Central Post- 
office, 48 
Location of Central Records 
Office, 49 

Bowie, Camp, 89 

Branches of the service 

Battle deaths per thousand, 

146 
Changing warfare eflFects, 114 
Comparative strength of 

branches, 115 
D. S. C. awards, 145 
Increasing complexity of, 114 
Interdependence of, 58 
Number died of wounds, 146 
Number killed in action, 146 
Per cent in each branch, 115 
Which won the war, 177 
Work and accomplishments 
of, 116 

Brassards, 153 

Brazil 

Date entered war, 18 
Population, 18 

Brigadier General 
Command of, 61, 151 
Insignia of, 151 
Number holding rank, 151 
Pay of, 152 

British 

Calibers adopted for United 
States Artillery, 132 



Capture Jerusalem, 16 

Cavalry, 134 

Defeat Germans at Ypres, 
15 

Kilometers of front line held, 
20 

Medals and honors awarded 
A. E. F., 149 

Medical officers assigned to, 
126 

Navy cooperates with United 
States, 25 

Per cent of front line held, 21 

Use tanks, 15 

Views on winning of war, 176 

Win and lose ground at 
Cambrai, 15 
British Empire 

Date entered war, 17 

Died in battle, 19 

Men in arms, 19 

Population, 17 

Total casualties, 19 
Brotherhood of man, 178 
Browning, Mr. John M., 131 
Buckeye Division, 90 
Buffalo Division, 108 

See Thirty-seventh Division 

See Ninety-second Division 
Bulgaria 

Enters war, 15, 17 

Population, 17 

Surrenders to Allies, 16 
Bullard, R. L., Lieutenant Gen- 
eral, 150 

Commands First Army, 50 

Commands Third Army Corps, 
53 
Bullseye Division, 92 

See Thirty-ninth Division 
Bundy, Omar, Major General 

Commands Seventh Corps, 33 

Commands Sixth Corps, 33 
Bureau of mines, 145 



192 



INDEX 



Cactus Division, 79 

See Eighteenth Division 
California 

Bio Alto (Camp Fremont) , 93 

Linda Vista (Camp Kearny), 
78, 92 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Fortieth Division, 
92 

Troops in Ninety-first Divi- 
sion, 107 
Cambrai 

Americans repulse attack 
near, 26 

Battle of, 15 

Captured, 15 

Lost, 15 

Offensive, 15, 135 

Work of Tanks, 141 
Cameron, George H., Major 

General, 54 
Camouflage section 

Insignia of, 119 

Work of, 120 
Camps 

Cost of, 32 

Debarkation, 48 

Embarkation, 48 

For National Guard Divi- 
sions, 32 

Life in, 32 

Prison, 48 

Replacement, 48 

Rest, 173 
Candy, 155 
Canned meats, 129 
Cantigny Sector, 86 
Cantonments 

Cost of, 32 

For National Army Divisions, 
32 
Captain, 174 

Command of, 150 



Insignia of, 150 

Pay of in United States, 152, 

158 
Pay of in other countries, 158 
Carpathians, 15 
Casualties 

First American, 25 

In A. E. F., 33 

In American Divisions, 110 

In Army, 33 

In Great American battles, 

36 
In Important American wars, 

35 
In Marine Corps, 33 
In Navy, 34 
In World War, 13, 19 
Of Allies, 19 
Of Central Powers, 20 
Of all nations participating, 

19, 20 
On troop ship Tuscania, 26 
Total of war, 20 
Cavalry 

Arms of, 134 

Battle of deaths per thousand, 

146 
Duties of, 135 
Hat cord of, 154 
Hindrances to, 135 
Insignia of, 115, 135 
Number killed in battle, 

146 
Number with A. E. F., 135 
Of an army, 37 
Of an Army Corps, 38 
Organization of, 28 
Per cent of service, 115 
Service during World War, 

134 
Strength of, March, 1917, 

115 
Strength of, November, 1918, 

115 



INDEX 



193 



Cavell, Edith, 15 
Central Powers 

Bulgaria enters war with, 15 
Died in battle, 20 
Interment of prisoners, 33 
Men in arms, 20 
Total casualties, 20 
Central Records Office, 165 
Insigfnia of, 49 
Location of, 48 
Numbers employed, 49 
Work of, 49 
Champagne-Marne defensive, 27, 
57 
Second Division activity, 70 
Thirty-sixth Division activ- 
ity, 90 
Chaplain 

Insignia of, 151 
Usual command, 151 
Charts 

Collar insignia, 115 
Shoulder insignia, frontis- 
piece 
Showing officers' insignia of 

rank, 150 
Showing coordination of com- 
mand, 39 
Showing non-commissioned 
officers' chevrons, 152 
Chateau-Thierry 

First Division activity, 68 
Forty-second Division activ- 
ity, 94 
Second Division activity, 70 
Third Division activity, 71 
Twenty-eighth Division activ- 
ity, 82 
Twenty-sixth Division activ- 
ity, 26 
See Soissons and Mame 
counter offensive 
Chaumont, 37 



Chemical warfare service, 165 

First gas and flame troops, 
142 

Hat cord of, 154 

Insignia of, 115, 144 

Organization of, 142 

Per cent of service, 115 

Production of gas, 143 

Production of gas masks, 144 

Strength of, November, 1918, 
115, 143 

Work of American universi- 
ties, 142 

Work of bureau of mines, 142 

Work of medical department, 
142 

Use of Livens projectors, 143 
Chemin des Dames Sector, 80 
Chevrons, 152 
Chief of Staff, 28 
China 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Cigarettes 

Number consumed, 155 

Distributed by K. of C, 161 
Shipped overseas, 129 
Civilian employees, 128 
Civil War 

Casualties in greatest battles, 
36 

Death rate from disease, 127 

Greatest strength of forces, 35 

History of differs, 58 

Killed in battle, 35 

Total casualties, 35 

Total troops engaged, 35 

Wounded, 35 
Clover Leaf Division, 104 

See Eighty-eighth Division 
Coast Artillery Corps, 165 

Awards, 146 

Battle deaths, thousand, 145 

Insignia of, 115, 124 



194 



INDEX 



Coast Artillery Corps (cont'd) 

Number killed in battle, 145 

Per cent of service, 115 

Strength of, March, 1917, 115 
November, 1918, 115 

Use in World War, 122 
Coblenz 

First Division activity, 69 

Headquarters located at, 51 
Codes, army, 134 
Cody, Camp, 88 
Collar insignia, 115 

Air service, 115, 138 

Artillery, 115, 124 

Cavalry, 115, 135 

Chemical warfare service, 115, 
144 

Engineers, 115, 119 

Infantry, 115, 118 

Medical department, 115, 127 

Motor transport service, 115, 
140 

Ordnance Corps, 115, 132 

Quartermaster Corps, 115, 
130 

Signal Corps, 115, 134 

Tank Corps, 115, 142 
Colonel 

Command of, 151 

Insignia of, 151 

Pay of, 152 
Colorado 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- 
sion, 105 
Fortieth Division, 92 
Combatant troops 

Numbers engaged, 57 

Under command of, 49 
Comfy Hospital, 174 
Command, system of, 37 
Commander-in-chief, 165 

Of A. E. F., 37 

Of Allied Armies, 39 



Of United States Army and 
Navy, 28 
Commander of the guard, 165 
Commanding officer, 163, 165 
Commissary, 38 
Commissions, 32 
Commission on training camp 

activities, 32 
Confidential guide, 169 
Congressional medal of honor, 

147 
Connecticut 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Ninety-third Divi- 
sion, 109 
Seventy-sixth Division, 95 
Twenty-sixth Division, 80 
Cooks, 154 
Cooperation, 177 
Cooties 

Inspection for, 165 

Memories of, 163 

Ode to, 171 

Soap for, 160 
Corned beef, 169 
Corporal, 152 
Corps, Army 

See Army Corps 
Corps Sergeant, 152 
Cost of World War, 13 

Total cost, 22 

To various nations, 21 
Costa Rica 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Counter-attack, 42, 43 
Counter offensive 

Cambria, 15 

Foch, 16 
Croix de Guerre, 149 
Cronkhite, Adelbert, Major Gen- 
eral, 55 
Crown Prince, 17 



INDEX 



195 



Cuba 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Custer, Camp 

Eighty-fifth Division trained 
at, 102 

Fourteenth Division trained 
at, 78 
Custer Division, 102 

See Ei,c:hty-fifth Division 
Cyclone Division, 91 

See Thirty-eighth Division 



Damages, 158 
Dates 

Notable dates in World War, 
14 

Of nations' entry into war, 17 

i^merican red letter days, 24 
Debt 

Of Allies, 22 

Of Central Powers, 22 
Dead, burial of, 44 
Deaths 

In the A. E. F., 33 

In the U. S., 33 

See battle deaths 
Deep dugout, 165 
Delaware 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Seventy-eighth 
Division, 96 
Twenty-ninth Division, 83 
Dentists, 126 
Depot Divisions, 93, 101, 102, 

110 
Devens, Camp 

Seventy-sixth Division trained 
at, 95 

Twelfth Division trained at, 
77 
Diagram of battle formation, 45 
Dickebush Sector, 81 



Dickman, Joseph T., Major 
General 
Commands First Army Corps, 
52 
Fourth Army Corps, 53 
Third Army Corps, 51 
Died in battle 

See battle deaths 
Diplomatic relations 
Nations severing, 18, 19 
United States severs with 
Germany, 25 
Disease 

Death from pneumonia, 159 
Death rates in various wars, 

127 
Died of in A. E. F., 33 
Died of in United States, 33 
Distinguished service cross, 148, 
"l66 
Awards by branch of service, 
145 
Divisions, 113 
Types of service, 148 
Conditions of award, 145, 148 
Distinguished service medal, 

147, 159, 166 
District of Columbia 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Ninety-third Divi- 
sion, 109 
Seventy-ninth Division, 77 
Twenty-ninth Division, 83 
District of Paris 
A forbidden area, 47 
A special area, 45, 47 
Commanded by, 47 
Insignia of, 47 

Organizations located within, 
47 
Divisions, 38 

A Staple Unit, 59 
Awards to, 113 
Chief aim of, 61 



196 



INDEX 



Divisions (cont'd) 

Commanded by, 61 

Composing an Army Corps, 38 

Day's ration for, 155 

Depot — See Depot Divisions 

Distinctive titles abolished, 
67 

Equipment of, 60 

Fighting machine, 66 

Fighting units, 28, 158 

French, strength of, 58 

German, strength of, 58 

Housing of, 32 

In supply service, 102, 103 

Kilometers advanced by, 113 

Length in column, 61 

Location when in combat, 45 

National Army, 67 

National Guard, 67 

Number engaged in combat, 
67 

Number of battle deaths in, 
110, 111 

Number of wounded in, 110, 
111 

Number organized, 66 

Number overseas, 66 

Participating in Argonne of- 
fensive, 39 

Prisoners captured from, 110, 
111 

Regular Army, 67 

Replacements, 111, 112 

(See Replacement Divi- 
sions) 

Rumors of, 169 

Strength of, 39, 112 

Strength of American, 58, 60 

The American, 58 

Total casualties in, 110, 111 

Training of, 59 

Troops in actual fighting, 57 

Units comprising, 39, 178, 179 

Where trained, 28 



Division Headquarters 

Duties of, 61 

Units attached to, 61 

War strength of, 60 
Divisional spirit, 59 
Dix, Camp, 96 
Dixie Division, 85 

See Thirty-first Division 
Dodge, Camp 

Eighty-eighth Division 
trained at, 104 

Nineteenth Division trained 
at, 79 
Dombasle-Luneville, 94 
Doniphan, Camp, 88 
Doughboys, 62 

See Infantry 
Draft 

Drawing of numbers, 25 

First registration, 25 

Number of troops inducted, 
30 

Second registration, 160 

Selective service act signed, 25 

Under control of, 28 
Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 
Drives 

Argonne, 16 

Austrian into Italy, 16 

British on Cambrai, 15 

Foch Counter-offensive, 16 

German-Austrian into Italy, 
15 

German on Amiens, 16 

German on channel ports, 16 

German on Marne, 16 

German on Marne and Paris, 
14 

German on Verdun, 15 

Hindenburg line, 16 

St. Mihiel, 16 



Ecuador, 19 



INDEX 



197 



Eighth Army Corps 

A part of First Army, 50 

Commander, 56 

Date organized, 56 

Divisions comprising, 56 

Insignia of, 56 
Eighteenth Division 

Commander, 79 

Name of, 79 

Training at, 79 

Units comprising, 179 
Eighth Division 

Arrival in France, 75 

Commander, 75 

Insignia, 75 

Name of, 75 

Units comprising, 179 
Eightieth Division 

Activities, 98, 99 

A part of Third Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 98 

Awards, 99, 113 

Battle deaths, 111 

Casualties, 99, 110 

Commander, 98 

Guns captured, 99 

Insignia, 99 

Name of, 98 

Prisoners captured, 99 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 98 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoners, 111 

Total advance, 99, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 98 

Wounded, 111 
Eighty-eighth Division 

Activities, 104 

A part of Ninth Army Corps, 
56 

A part of Seventh Army 
Corps, 55 



A part of Sixth Army Corps, 

55 
Arrival in France, 104 
Awards, 104 113 
Battle deaths, 111 
Casualties, 104, 110 
Commander, 104 
Insignia, 104 
Name of, 104 
Replacements, 112 
States supplying troops, 104 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoners. 111 
Units comprising, 181 
Where trained, 104 
Wounded, 111 
Eighty-fifth Division 
Activities, 103 
Arrival in France, 102 
Commander, 102 
Insignia, 102 
Name, 102 

States providing troops, 102 
Units comprising, 181 
Where trained, 102 
Eighty-first Division 

Activities, 99, 100 
A part of Eighth Army Corpi, 
56 

A part of Seventh Army 

Corps, 55 
Arrival in France, 99 

Awards, 100, 113 

Battle deaths, 111 

Casualties, 100, 110 

Commander, 99 

Insignia, 100 

Name of, 99 

Replacements, 112 

States furnishing troops, 99 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoners. 111 

Total advance, 100, 113 

Units comprising, 180 



198 



INDEX 



Eighty-first Division (cont'd) 

Where trained, 99 

Wounded, 111 
Eighty-fourth Division 

Arrival in France, 102 

Commander, 102 

Insignia, 102 

Name of, 102 

States furnishing troops, 102 

Units comprising, 181 

Wliere trained, 102 
Eighty-ninth Division 

Activities, 105 

A part of Fourth Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 105 

Awards, 106, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 105 

Commander, 105 

Guns captured, 105 

Insignia, 106 

Name of, 105 

Prisoners captured, 105 

Replacements, 112 

States furnishing troops, 105 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 105, 113 

Units comprising, 181 

Where trained, 105 

W^ounded, 110 
Eighty-second Division 

Activities, 100 

A part of First Army Corps, 
52 

Arrival in France, 100 

Awards, 101, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 101, 110 

Commander, 100 

Guns captured, 101 

Insignia, 101 

Name of, 100 



Prisoners captured, 100, 101 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 100 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoners, 110 

Total advance, 101, 113 

Units comprising, 181 

Where trained, 100 

Wounded, 110 
Eighty- seventh Division 

Arrival in France, 103 

Commander, 103 

Insignia, 104 

Name of, 103 

States supplying troops, 103 

Units comprising, 181 

Where trained, i03 
Eighty-sixth Division 

Arrival in France, 103 

Commander, 103 

Insignia, 103 

Name of, 103 

States supplying troops, 103 

Units comprising, 181 

Where trained, 103 
Eighty-third Division 

Activities, 101 

Arrival in France, 101 

Commander, 101 

Insignia, 101 

Insignia of 332nd Infantry, 
118 

States supplying troops, 101 

Units comprising, 181 

Where trained, 101 
Eleventh Division 

Commander, 76 

Insignia, 76 

Name of, 76 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 76 
Embarkation, 157 
Enemy 

Aliens apprehended, 144 



INDEX 



199 



Enemy (cont'd) 

Troops in action against, 57 
Engagements 

Major of A. E. F., 57 

Map showing location of, 57 
Engineers 

Classification of, 63 

Determine rate of advance, 63 

Numbering of regiments, 179 

Of an army, 37 

Of an Army Corps, 38 

Of a division, 39, 63 

Serve as gas and flame troops, 
142 

Strength in a division, 60 

Supervise tank service, 141 

Work as combat troops. 64 

Work in an offensive, 43 
Engineers' Corps, 28 

Awards, 145 

Battle deaths per thousand, 
146 

Commendation of, 121 

Hat cord of, 154 

Insignia of, 110, 115 

Number killed in battle, 149 

Per cent of service, 115 

Strength, March, 1917, 115 

Strength, November, 1918, 115 

Units of, 118 

Work of, 118, 119 

See Camouflage section, 119 
Railroad Engineers, 120 
Searchlight Engineers, 118 
Engineers train, 39 

Strength in a division, 60 

Work^of, 65 
England 

Air raid by Germans, 14 

Medical assistance from U. S., 
126 
Enlisted men 

Battle deaths per thousand, 
146 



Killed in action or died of 
wounds, 146 

Numbers taken prisoners, 110 

Pay of, 152 
Enlistments 

By conscription, 30 

Through National Guard, 30 

Voluntary, 30, 145 
Equipment of a division, 60 
Evacuation hospitals, 166 

Insignia of, 128 

Location of, 45, 46 

Number of, 126 

Rhyme written at, 176 

Work of. 65 
Evacuation service, 166 
Examination, psychological, 156 
Examining post, 64 
Execution of Edith Cavell, 15 

Field Artillery, 166 
Ammunition used, 63 
Brigade headquarters, 39, 60 
Collar insignia of, 115 
Equipment of a division, 60 
How transported, 122 
Location in an offensive, 45, 

121 
Of an army, 37 
Per cent of service, 115 
Regiments in a division, 39, 

163 
Regiment, strength of, 60 
Strength of, March, 1917, 

115 
November, 1918, 115 
Work of, 63 
Field clerk, 154 
Field hospitals 

Of a division, 39, 65 
Of an Army Corps, 38 
Part in offensive, 43 
Treatment in, 65 
Where located, 45 



200 



INDEX 



Field Signal Battalion 

Agencies used by, 66 

Duties of, 66 

Numbering of, 179 

Of a division, 39, 66 

Of an Army Corps, 38 

Strength in a division, 60 

Work in an offensive, 44 
Field Signal Corp, 166 

Insignia of, 115 

Personnel in infantry regi- 
ments, 61 
Fifteenth Division 

Commander, 78 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 78 
Fifth Army Corps 

A part of First Army, 49, 50 

Commander, 54 

Date organized, 54 

Divisions participating, 54 

Insignia of, 54 

Participation in Argonne, 54 
Fifth Division 

Activities, 73 

A part of Fourth Army Corps, 
53 

A part of Sixth Army Corps, 
55 

Arrival in France, 73 

Awards, 73, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 73, 113 

Commander, 73 

Guns captured, 73 

Insignia of, 73 

Name of, 73 

Prisoners captured, 73 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 73, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Wounded, 110 



Fighting branches, 28, 57 
Fumes 

Seventy-seventh Division ac- 
tivity, 95 

Thirtvsecond Division activ- 
ity, 86 
First 

Ail-American Air Squadron 
crosses lines, 138 

Ail-American offensive, 27 

American battle casualties, 
26 

American flag in battle, 25 

U. S. Artillery shot fired, 25 

U. S. Troops in front lines, 25 

U. S. Troops reach France, 25 

U. S. Unit to sail for France, 
25 
First Army 

Army Corps composing, 49, 50 

Commanders of, 49 

Date organized, 49 

Headquarters located at, 50 

In Argonne, 49 

Insignia of, 50 

Insignia of special units of, 
50 

In Toul Sector, 49 

Receives orders for the Ar- 
gonne, 39, 40 
First Army Corps 

A part of the First Army, 49, 
50 

Commanders, 51 

Date organized, 51 

Divisions comprising, 52 

Insignia of, 52 

Participation in Argonne, 52 
First Division 

Activities of, 68 

A part of Third Army Corpi, 
53 

Arrival in France, 68 

Awards, 69, 113 



INDEX 



201 



First Division (cont'd) 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 69, 110 

Commander, 68 

Distinctions of, 69 

First Artillery shot fired, 25 

Guns captured, 69 

Insignia of, 69 

Prisoners captured, 69 

Eeplacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Takes position in front linea, 
26 

Total advance, 69, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Wounded, 110 
First Lieutenant 

Command of, 151 

Insignia of, 151 

Pay of, 152 
First Sergeant, 152, 174 
Flanders, 90 
Florida 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Jacksonville embarkation, 157 

Troops in Eighty-first Divi- 
sion, 99 
Eighty-second Division, 100 
Thirty-first Division, 85 
Foch 

Begins counter-offensive, 18 

Commands the Allied Armies, 
39 

In charge of United States 
forces, 26 

See Rumors, 172 
Food 

Carried forward in an offen- 
sive, 44 

Daily requirements of a divi- 
sion, 155 

Shipments of, 129 

Stored for an offensive, 40 



Foreign medals and awards, 149 
Forestry service 

Work of in A. E. F., 119 

Work of in United States, 136 
Fortieth Division 

Arrival in France, 92 

Commander, 92 

Insignia, 92, 93 

Name of, 92 

States supplying troops, 92 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 92 
Forty-first Division 

Arrival in France, 93 

Commander, 93 

Insignia, 93 

Name of, 93 

States supplying troops, 93 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 93 
Forty-second Division 

Activities, 26, 94 

A part of Fourth Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 94 

Awards, 94, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 94, 110 

Commander, 94 

Guns captured, 94 

Insignia, 94, 95 

Name of, 93 

Prisoners captured, 94 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 94, 113 

Troops from various states, 93 

Units comprising, 180 

Wounded, 110 
Fourteen peace points, 16 
Fourteenth Division 

Commander, 78 

Insignia, 78 



202 



INDEX 



Fourteenth Division (cont'd) 

Name of, 77 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 78 
Fourth Army Corps 

A part of Fourth Army, 51 

A part of Third Army, 50 

Commanders, 53 

Date organized, 53 

Divisions comprising, 53 

Insignia of, 54 

Participation in Argonne, 53 
Fourth Division 

Activities, 72 

A part of Third Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 72 

Awards, 72, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 72, 110 

Commander, 72 

Guns captured, 72 

Insignia, 72 

Name, 72 

Prisoners captured, 72 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 72, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Wounded, 110 
France 

American troops reach, 25 

Crosses in, 178 

Damages paid to, 158 

Date entered war, 17 

Declares war on Russia, 14 

Died in battle, 19 

German outrages in, 23 

Loans to Allies, 21 

Men in arms, 19 

Pay of captain, 158 

Pay of private, 158 



Population, 17 

Total casualties, 19 

War expenditures, 21 

War declared by Germany, 
14 
Fremont, Camp, 93 
French 

Advance betAveen Oise and 
Aisne, 16 

Calibers adopted by U. S. 
Artillery, 132 

Capture St. Quentin, 16 

Conditions of Fourragere 
award, 150 

Division, strength of, 58 

Fourragere awards to A. E. 
F., 150 

Kilometers of front line held, 
20 

Medals awarded to A. E. F., 
149 

Per cent of front line held, 20 

Retake Soissons, 16 

Steamer Sussex sunk, 24 

Stop Germans at Marne, 15 

Stop Verdun drive, 15 

Supply aeroplanes to A. E. F., 
136 

That every soldier knew, 168 

Troops in American Revolu- 
tion, 35 

Views on winning war, 176 
Front Line 

Kilometers held by various 
nations, 20 

Per cent held by various na- 
tions, 21 

Within zone of advance, 45 
Front Line Trench, 164, 166 
Funston, Camp 

Eighty-ninth Division trained 
at, 105 

Tenth Division trained at, 76 



INDEX 



203 



Gas 

Attacks by Livens projectors, 
143 

Cost of masks, 159 

First used by Germans, 15, 
142 

Grenades, 143 

Masks, 144, 159 

Officers trained, 143 

Possibilities of, 114 

Protection against, 144 

Service of A. E. F., 142 

Studies of, 142 

Use in an offensive, 41, 143 

See chemical warfare 

See "Rumors" " 
General 

Hat cord of, 154 

Insignia, 150 

Officers holding rank, 150 

Pay of, 152 
General headquarters, 4G, 166 

A special area, 45 

Importance of, 46 

Insignia, 46 

Location of, 37 

General orders, 166, 169 

General Staff, 28 

General Staff Officers, 166 
Georgia 

Atlanta (Camp Gordon), 100 

Augusta ( Camp Hancock ) , 82 

Macon (Camp Wheeler), 85 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Eighty-second Divi- 
sion, 100 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Thirty-first Division, 85 
Gerardmer Sector 

Sixth Division activity, 74 

Thirty-fifth Division activity, 
89 
German 

Division, strength of, 58 



Outrages in Belgium and 
France, 23 

Spy, 169 

Submarine sinks vessels off 
American Coast, 26 

Submarine sunk by U. S. 
steamship, 26 

Women, 169 

World ambitions, 23 
German-Austrian drive, 15 
Germans 

Abandon Lille, 15 

Bombard Paris, 16 

Cross Marne, 16 

Defeated at Ypres, 15 

Driven across Somme, 16 

First use poison gas, 15 

Last offensive, 15 

Make first air raid in Eng- 
land, 14 

Start drive for Verdun, 15 

Start drive on Amiens, 16 

Start drive on channel porta, 
16 

Start drive on Marne, 16 

Surpassed in gas production, 
143 

Take Warsaw, 15 

Taken prisoner, 57, 159 

Win counter-offensive at Cam- 
brai, 15 
Germany 

Announces unrestricted sub- 
marine warfare, 15, 23, 25 

Concludes armistice with 
Russia, 16 

Declares war on France, 14 

Declares war on Russia, 14 

Died in battle, 20 

Held accountable, 24 

Invades Belgium, 24 

Men in arms, 20 

Pay of captain, 158 

Pay of private, 158 



204 



INDEX 



Germany (cont'd) 

Peace offer rejected, 16 

Plots, 23, 25 

Population, 18 

Sends ultimatum to Belgium, 
14 

Signs armistice, 17, 27 

Signs peace treaty, 17 

Total casualties, 20 

U. S. declares war, 15, 25 

U. S. severs diplomatic rela- 
tions, 25 

War declared by Great 
Britain, 14 

War declared by Italy, 14 

War expenditures, 21 
Gettysburg, 36, 141 
Gordon, Camp, 100 

Gouy-Nauroy Sector, 84 
Grand Montague Sector 

Seyenty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 97 

Twenty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 94 
Grant, Camp, 103 
Grave registration service, 

166 
Great Britain 

Date entered war, 17 

Declares war on Germany, 14 
Turkey, 14 

Loans to Allies, 21 
• Pay of captain, 158 

Pay of private, 158 

War expenditures, 21 
Greece 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Greene, Camp, 80 
Growth of Army 

By enlistment, etc., 30 

By troops from states, 31 

In certain months, 30 

By branch of service, 115 



Guatemala 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Guides, 153 
Guns 

Captured by Americans, 57 

Repairing, 132 

See Histories of Divisions 

See "Rifles," etc. 



Haan, William G., Major Gen- 
eral, 55 
Hancock, Camp, 82 
Hawaii, 31 
Hayti 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Headquarters 

See Division Headquarters 

See General Headquarters 
Headquarters Company, 62 
Headquarters Troops 

Duties of, 61 

Of an Army, 37 

Of an Army Corps, 38 

Of a Division, 39 

Strength in a Division, 60 
Heavy Artillery, 121, 132 
High explosives, 41 
Hikes, 163 
Hindenburg line 

Smashed by Americans, 16 

Thirtieth Division activity, 84 

Twenty-seventh Division ac- 
tivity, 82 
Hines, J. L,, Major General, 

53 
History of World War, 14, 

58 
Honduras 

Date entered war, 18 

Total population, 18 



INDEX 



205 



Horses and mules 
Dead, inoculated and sold, 

160 
Equipment of a Division, 61 
Number purchased, 130 
Replaced by tractors, 132 
See Cavalry 

Hospital 

First Base Hospital sailed, 25 
Units, where trained, 28 

Hospital, Comfy, 174 

Hospitals 
Base, 46, 48 
Capacity of, 126 
Evacuation, 46 
Field, 45 
Insignia of, 128 
Number in A. E. F., 126 
Number in Siberia, 126 
Number in United States, 126 
Of an Army, 38 
Of an Army Corps, 38 
Of Army in A. E. F., 157 
Of Army in United States, 

157 
Of Paris, 47 
Supplying books, 162 
Veterinary, 38 

Hospital train, 166 

Howitzers, 57 

Idaho 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Forty-first Divi- 
sion, 93 
Troops in Ninety-first Divi- 
sion, 107 
Illinois 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Rockford (Camp Grant), 103 
Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 
Eighty-fourth Division, 102 
Eighty-sixth Division, 103 



Forty-second Division, 94 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Thirty-third Division, 87 
Illinois Division, 87 

See Thirty-third Division 
Indiana 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- 
sion, 102 
Thirty-eighth Division, 91 
Infantry 

Ammunition carried by, 65 
Advance, test of success, 116 
Army organization built 

around, 116 
Awards, 145 
Battle deaths per thousand, 

146 
Collar insignia, 115 
Commendation of, 118 
Hat cord of, 154 
How armed, 62 
How commanded, 61 
Insignia, 118 
Interdependence of, 58 
Location in offensive, 45 
Machine Gun Battalions 

brigaded with, 117 
Methods of advance, 41 
Numbering of regiments, 178, 

179 
Number killed in battle, 146 
Orders to artillery, 122 
Organization of, 28 
Fart in an offensive, 41, 43 
Per cent of service, 115 
Regiments of a Division, 39 
Signals to Artillery, 42 
Strength March, 1917, 115 
Strength November, 1918, 115 
Strength of a Division, 59, 60 
Training of, 116 
Work of, 62 
See Pioneer Infantry 



206 



INDEX 



Infantry Brigade 

Commander of, 61 

Of a Division, 39 

Part in an offensive, 42, 44 

Strength in a Division, GO 
Infantry Division 

Commanded by, 61 

War strength of, 60 
Infantry Regiments 

Companies of, 62 

Fighting of, 62 

How armed, 62 

How commanded, 61, 62 

Numbering of, 179 

Strength of, 60 
Influenza, 120, 121 
Initials of the A. E. F., 160, 

164, 165 
Insignia 

Of branches of service, 115 

Of rank for officers, 150 

Shoulder. See Frontispiece 

See Chevrons 
Inspector General's Department, 

28, 115 
Intelligence service, 64, 166 
Intermediate area, 45 
International Law, 24 
Iowa 

Des Moines (Camp Dodge), 
79, 104 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 
Thirty-fourth Division, 88 
Iron Division, 82 

See Twenty-eighth Division 
Iron Jaw Division, 86 

See Tliirty-second Division 
Italian 

Honors and medals awarded 
A. E. F., 150 

Views on winning the war, 
176 



Italy 

Austrian drive into, 16 

Battle of Vittorio, 27 

Date entered war, 17 

Declares war on Germany, 15 

Died in battle, 19 

Eighty-third Division activ- 
ity in, 101 

First American Troops ar- 
rive, 26 

German- Austrian drive into, 
15 

Insignia for Italian service, 
118, 128 

Medical assistance to, 126 

Men in arms, 19 

Pay of captain, 158 

Pay of private, 158 

Population, 17 

Total casualties, 19 

Troops serving in, 161 

War expenditures, 21 
Ivy Division, 72 

See Fourth Division 

Jackson, Camp, 99 
Japan 

Date entered war, 17 

German plots, 23, 25 

Population, 17 
Jerusalem, 16 
Jewish Welfare Board, 166 

Centers supplying A. L. A. 
books, 162 
Johnston, Camp, 139 
Judge Advocate General's De- 
partment, 28 

Collar insignia of, 115 

Hat cord of, 154 
Jutland, battle of, 15 

Kaiser, 17 
Kansas 

Fort Riley (Camp Funston), 
76, 105 



INDEX 



207 



Kansas (cont'd) 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- 
sion, 105 
Thirty-fifth Division, 88 
Kearny, Camp 

Fortieth Division trained at, 

92 
Sixteenth Division trained 
at, 78 
Kentucky 

Louisville (Camp Taylor), 

102 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- 
sion, 102 
Thirty-eighth Division, 91 
Keystone Division, 82 

See Twenty-eighth Division 
Khaki, 159 
Killed in action 

See battle deaths 
Kilometers advanced by divi- 
sions. 113 
Kitchen police, 163, 175 
Knights of Columbus, 166 
Centers supplying books, 162 
Cigarettes distributed by, 161 
Kuhn, Joseph E., Major Gen- 
eral, 56, 97 

Labor Battalion, 166 
Lafayette Division, 76 
Lafayette Escadrille, 150 
Lagny Sector, 100 
Langres, 47 

La Reine and Boucy Sector, 80 
Le Cateau Sector, 85 
League of Nations 

Adopted as part of peace 
treaty, 17 

Birth of, 14 
Lee, Camp, 98 
Legal affairs, controlled, 28 



Length of a Division, 61 
"Les Terribles," 86 

See Thirty-second Division 
Lest we forget, 171 
Lewis, Camp 

Ninety-first Division trained 
at, 107 

Thirteenth Division trained 
at, 77 
Liberia 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Liberty Division — See Seventy- 
ninth Division, 97 
Liberty Bell Division, 95 

See Seventy-sixth Division 
Liberty Motor 

Production of, 136, 137 

Shipped to Allies, 137 

Types, 137 
Liege, 14 
Lieutenant Colonel 

Command of, 151 

Insignia, 151 

Pay, 152 
Lieutenant General 

Command of, 37, 150 

Insignia, 150 

Officers holding rank, 150 

Pay, 152 
Liggett, Hunter, Lieutenant 
General, 150 

Commands First Army, 49 
First Army Corps, 52 
Lightning Division, 96 

See Seventy-eighth Division 
Lille, 16 
Lincoln Division, 102 

See Eighty-fourth Division 
Line 

Meaning of word, 158 

Organization of, 28 
Line Sergeant, 152 
Livens projectors, 143 



208 



INDEX 



Loans to Allies, 21 
Logan, Camp 

Fifteenth Division trained at, 

78 
Thirty-third Division, trained 
at, 87 
Lorraine, 25 

Ninetieth Division activity, 

106 
Seventh Division activity, 74 
Lorraine cross, 46, 97 
Louisiana 
Alexandria ( Camp Beaure- 
gard), 79, 92 
New Orleans embarkation, 

157 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-seventh 

Division, 103 
Thirty-ninth Division, 92 
Lusitama, 15, 24 
Lys, 26, 57 
See Ypres-Lys 

Mac Arthur, Camp, 86 
Machine guns, 166 

Browning anti-aircraft, 131 

Browning heavy, 131 

Captured — See records of 
divisions 

Effectiveness of, 62 

Equipment of a Division, 60 

Location in an offensive, 45 

Of an Army Corps, 38 

Operation of, 117 

Use of, 131 
Machine gunners 

Assist Infantry, 58 

Part in an offensive, 41 
Machine-Gun Battalion 

Brigaded with Infantry, 117 

Equipment of, 117 

Hat cord of, 154 

Numbering of, 178, 179 



Of a Division, 39, 62 

Part in an offensive, 41, 62 

Per cent of service, 115 

Strength in a Division, 60, 62 

Strength, March, 1917, 115 
November, 1918, 115 

Work of, 117 
Machine-Gun Companies 

Equipment of, 117 

Hat cord, 154 

Of an Infantry Regiment, 62 
Machine-gun nests, 41, 121 
Machine rifle, 131 
'Maine 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- 
sion, 95 
Twenty-sixth Division, 80 
Major 

Command of, 151 

Insignia, 151 

Pay of, 152 
Major engagements of the A. E. 
F., 57 

Map showing, 57 
Major General 

Command of, 38, 61, 151 

Insignia of, 151 

Number holding rank, 151 

Pay of, 152 
]Map showing major engage- 
ments of A. E. F., 57 
Marbache Sector 

Eighty-second Division activ- 
ity, 100 

Ninety-second Division activ- 
ity, 108 

Second Division activity, 70 
March, Peyton C, General, 36, 

150 
Marines, 167, 177 

Killed in action, 33, 145 

Men liable to service, 160 

Of Second Division, 70 



INDEX 



209 



Marines (cont'd) 
Total casualties, 33 
Work in Paris, 47 
Marne counter-offensive, 16, 27 
57, 68 
First Division activity, 68 
Fourth Division activity, 72 
French stop Germans, 14 
German drive on, 16 
German cross, 16 
Second Division activity, 70 
See Aisne-Marne 
See Champagne-Marne 
Maryland 

Annapolis Junction ( Camp 

Meade), 76, 97 
Baltimore embarkation, 157 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Ninety-second Divi- 
sion, 108 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Seventy-ninth Division, 97 
Twenty-ninth Division, 83 
Massachusetts 

Ayer (Camp Devens), 77, 95 
Boston, embarkation from, 

157 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Forty-second Divi- 
sion, 94 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Seventy-sixth Division, 95 
Twenty-sixth Division, 80 
Masks, gas, 143, 144 
McClellan, Camp, 83 
Meade, Camp 

Eleventh Division trained at, 

76 
Seventy-ninth Division 
trained at, 97 
Medals 

Awarded by United States, 

147 
Belgium, 149 



British, 149 
French awards, 149 
Italian, 150 

Total awards of foreign, 149 
Medical Corps 
Awards, 145 
Battle deaths per thousand, 

145 
Cost of equipment, 158 
Collar insignia, 115 
Hat cord, 154 

Number killed in battle, 145 
Part in an offensive, 43 
Per cent of service, 115 
Personnel in Infanty Regi- 
ment, 62 
Shoulder insignia of, 46, 127, 

128 
Strength of March, 1917, 115 
Strength of November, 1918, 
115 
Medical Department, 166 
Ambulance service, 126, 127 
Assists other Allies, 126 
Dentists serving, 126 
Growth and improvements of, 

125 
Hospitals established by, 126 
Insignia of, 127 
Low death rate in World 

War, 127 
Organization, 28 
Per cent of profession in 

army, 125 
Secretary Baker commends, 

125 
Training schools established, 

125 
Work in gas defense, 142 
Medical men, 153 
Meigs, Camp, 139 
Men in arms, 19 
Metropolitan Division, 95 
See Seventy-seventh Division 



210 



INDEX 



Metz, 172 
Meuse 

Allies advance reaches, 16 

Seventy-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 97 

Thirty-second Division activ- 
ity, 86 
Meuse- Argonne offensive, 27, 57 

See Argonne-Meuse 
Mexico, 23, 25 
Mexican War 

Killed in battle, 35 

Total casualties, 35 

Total troops serving, 35 

Wounded, 35 
Meteorological service, 134 
Michigan 

Battle Creek ( Camp Custer ) , 
78, 102 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- 
sion, 102 
Thirty-second Division, 86 
Middle West Division. 105 

See Eighty-ninth Division 
Militarism, 23 
Military police, 167, 177 

Brassard worn by, 153 

Cavalry men serve as, 135 

Command of, 64 

Duties of, 64 

In Paris, 47 

Of an Army Corps, 38 

Of a Division, 39 

Posts of, 64 

Work in an offensive, 44 

See "Train Headquarters and 
Military Police," 60 
Militia Bureau 

Administrative head of Na- 
tional Guard, 144 

Duties of, 144 

Per cent of service, 115 

Personnel of, 145 



Streneth of November, 1918, 

ri5 

Minnesota 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 
Thirty-fourth Division, 88 
Missing in action, 33 
Mississippi 

Hattiesburg (Camp Shelby), 

91 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-seventh 
Division, 103 
Forty-second Division, 94 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Thirty-ninth Division, 92 
Missouri 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- 
sion, 105 
Thirty-fifth Division, 88 
Mobile ordnance repair shop, 

167 
Montana 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Forty-first Divi- 
sion, 93 
Ninety-first Division, 107 
Montdidier-Noyon, 26, 57 
Montenegro 

Date entered war, 17 
Population, 17 

See "Serbia and Montenegro" 
Motor cycle 

Equipment of a Division, 61 
Messengers of Signal Corps, 
133 
Motor Repair Shop, 38 
Motor Supply Train, 38, 44 
Motor Transport Corps, 167 
Branches of, 139 
Collar insignia of, 115 
Duties of, 139 



INDEX 



211 



Motor Transport Corps (cont'd) 
Equipment of, 140 
Hat cord, 154 
Insignia, 140 
Organization, 130 
Per cent, of service, 115 
Strength of November, 1918, 

140 
Uses of trucks, 140 
Where trained, 29, 139 

Motor vehicles 

Equipment of a division, 61 
Number of in A. E. F., 140 
Supplied by motor transport 
corps, 139 
Ordnance Department, 131 

Mouzon, 68 

Mud, 163, 171, 174 

Muir, Charles H., Major Gen- 
eral, 53, 83 

Mules 

See "Horses and Mules" 

Munitions 

Increased use of, 130 
Production of, 132 
Used in an offensive, 40 



National Army 

Cantonments, 32 

Cost of cantonments, 32 

Divisions of, 67 

Enlistments in, 30 

Training of, 32 
National Defense Act, 25 
National Guard, 168 

Camps provided, 32 

Controlled by Militia Bureau, 
144 

Cost of camps, 32 

Divisions of, 67 

Troops entering through, 30 

Use of cavalrymen in, 135 
Nations in World War, 17 



Nations Severing Diplomatic 

Relations, 18, 19 
Naval Guns, 123 
Naval Losses (American), 34 
Naval Forces in U. S. Wars, 35 
Navy, 167 

Centers supplying A. L. A. 

books, 162 
Destroyers work in war zone, 

25 
Lives lost, 34 

Men liable to service in, 160 
Shipments to A. E. F., 157 
Ships lost, 34 

Type of Liberty motor, 137 
See "Sailors" 
Nebraska 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 
Thirty-fourth Division, 88 
Needs of the army, 28 
Neptune sector, 81 
Neutrality, 23, 24 
Nevada 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Fortieth Division, 
92 
Ninety-first Division, 107 
New Hampshire 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- 
sion, 95 
Twenty-sixth Division, 80 
New Jersey 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Submarine activity off coast, 

2G 
Troops in Forty-second Divi- 
sion, 94 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Seventy-eighth Division, 98 
Twentv-ninth Division, 83 
Wrightstown (CampDix),9Q 



212 



INDEX 



New Mexico 
Camp Cody, 88 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Fortieth Division, 
92 
Ninetieth Division, 106 
New York 

Embarkation from Hoboken, 

157 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Forty-second Divi- 
sion, 94 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Seventy-eighth Division, 96 
Seventy-seventh Division, 

95 
Seventy-sixth Division, 95 
Twenty-seventh Division, 81 
Yap Hank, L. I. (Camp Up- 
ton), 95 
Nicaragua 

Date entered war, 18 
Population. 18 
Nineteenth Division 
Commander, 80 
Insignia of, 80 
Name, 79 

Units comprising, 179 
Where trained, 79 
Ninetieth Division 
Activities, 106 
A part of Fourth Armj?^ Corps, 

53 
Arrival in France, 106 
Awards, 113, 107 
Battle deaths. Ill 
Casualties, 107, 110 
Commander, 106 
Guns captured, 106 
Insignia, 107 
Name, 106 

Prisoners captured, 106 
Replacements, 112 



States supplying troops, 106 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner, 111 
Total advances, 113, 106 
Units comprising, 181 
Where trained, 106 
Wounded, 111 
Ninety-first Division 
Activities, 107 
A part of Fifth Army Corps, 

54 
Arrival in France, 107 
Awards, 107, 113 
Battle deaths. Ill 
Casualties, 107, 110 
Commander, 107 
Guns captured, 107 
Insignia, 108 
Name, 107 

Prisoners captured, 107 
Replacements, 112 
States supplying troops, 107 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner. 111 
Total advance, 107-113 
Units comprising, 181 
Where trained, 107 
Wounded, 111 
Ninety-second Division 
Activites, 108 
A part of First Army Corps, 

52 
A part of Sixth Army Corps, 

55 
Arrival in France, 108 
Awards, 108, 113 
Battle deaths. 111 
Casualties, 108, 110 
Commander, 108 
Insignia, 108 
Name of, 108 
Replacements, 112 
States supplying troops, 108 
Strength at armistice, 112 



INDEX 



213 



Ninety-second Division (cont'd) 
Taken prisoners, 111 
Total advances, 108, 113 
Units comprising, 181 
Wliere trained, 108 
Wounded, 111 

Ninety-third Division 
Activities, 109 
Arrival in France, 109 
Casualties, 109 
Insi^rnia, 109 

States supplying^ troops, 109 
Units comprising, 181 

Ninth Army Corps 

A part of Second Army, 50 
Commander, 56 
Date organized, 50 
Divisions comprising, 56 
Insignia, 56 

Ninth Division 
Commander. 75 
Units comprising, 179 
Where trained, 75 

Nitrogen, 132 

No Man's Land, 41, 45 

Non-Commission ed officers, 152 

North Carolina 

Charlotte (Camp Greene), 80' 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-first Divi- 
sion, 99 
Thirtieth Division, 84 

North Dakota 

Number of soldiers from, 

31 
Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 

Notes, 24 

Noyon 

See Montdidier-Noyon 

Nurses, 174 

Commendation of, 127 
Number available, 127 
Number mobilized, 127 



Number on duty in Europe, 

127 
Number serving at beginning 
of war, 126 
End of war, 126 

Observation post, 167 
Observation Squadron, 137 
Occupation, army of 

See Third Army 
Offensive 

How fought, 40 
Location of units in, 45 
See Rumors 
Officers 
Army, 177 
Battle deaths per thousand, 

146 
Commissioned training school, 

145 
Fixed allowances of, 152 
Hat cord of, 154 
Insignia of rank, 150 
Number killed in battle or 

died of wounds, 146 
Number taken prisoner, 110 
Pay of, 152, 154 
Traininsr of in A. E. F., 47 
U. S.,' 32 
Officers. Non-commissioned, 152 
Training school, 32, 45 
For medical officers, 125 
Hat cord of, 154 
See "Training School" 
Ohio 

Chillicothe ( Camp Sherman ) , 

101 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-third Divi- 
sion, 101 
Forty-second Division, 94 
Ninety-second Division, lOS 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Thirty-seventh Division, 90 



214 



INDEX 



Oise 

Allies cross, 16 

French advance along, 16 
Oise-Aisne offensive, 27, 57 
Oklahoma 

Fort Sill (Camp Doniphan), 
88 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Ninetieth Division, 
106 

Thirty-sixth Division, 89 
Old Hickory Division, 84 

See Thirtieth Division 
Olive Drab, 167 
One Pounders 

Location of, 45 

Use of, 121 
Orders 

Controlled by, 28 

General, 169 
Ordnance Corps 

Battle deaths per 1000, 146 

Cost of equipment, 158 

Duties, 130, 132 

Hat cord, 154 

Importance, 130 

Insignia, 46, 47, 48, 115, 132 

Number killed in battle, 146 

Per cent of service, 115 

Strength of March, 1917, 115 
November, 1918, 115 
Ordnance Department, 167, 28 

Changes artillery equipment, 
132 

Depots, 37 

Designs of guns, etc., 131 

Dumps in advance sector, 46 

Provides tanks, 141 

Provides tractors, 132 

Repair shops, 38 

Rifle equipment, 131 

Storehouses, 48 

Units of a division, 39 

Warehouses, 47 



Oregon 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Forty-first Divi- 
sion, 93 

Ninety-first Division, 107 
Organization 

Army, 28 

Of American Expeditionary 
Forces, 37 
Ostend, 16 



Panama 

Date entered vrar, 18 

Population, 18 
Panther Division, 89 

See Thirty-sixth Division 
Paris 

P)ombarded, 16 

Books in, 162 

District of, 47 

Military establishments in, 
47 

Threatened, 17 
Park, air, 37, 45 
Park, artillery, 38 
Park, repair, 140 
Pas Fini Sector, 81 
Pathfinder Division, 75 

See Eighth Division 
Pay of 

Officers in U. S. Army, 152, 
158 
Other armies, 158 

Private in U. S. Army, 152, 
158 
Other armies, 158 

The Army, 130 
Peace Points, 16 
Peace proposals 

Germany's rejected, 15 

Pope Benedict's rejected, 15 

Pope Benedict's revealed, 15 



INDEX 



215 



Peace Treaty- 
League of Nations, a part of, 

17 
Signed by Germany, 17 
Submitted to Germany, 17 
Pennsylvania 

Embarkation from Philadel- 
phia, 157 
Gettysburg, 36, 141 
Number of troops from, 31 
Tobyhanna, 141 
Troops in Eightieth Division, 
91 
Eighty-third Division, 101 
Forty-second Division, 04 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Seventy-ninth Division, 97 
Twenty -eighth Division, 82 
Pershing, John J., General, 150 
Commander-in-Chief of A. E. 

F., 37 
Commands First Army, 49 
Commendation of Air Service, 
138 
Engineer Corps, 121 
Quartermaster Department, 
130 
Commends Tank Corps, 142 
Designates greatest engage- 
ments, 25, 57 
Part in Argonne offensive, 39 
Puts U. S. Army under orders 

of Foch, 26 
Requests railroad engineers, 

120 
Sails for France, 25 
Peru, 19 

Photographic Unit, 133 
Photo Section, 38 
Physicians, 125 
Pick and shovel, 167 
Pigeons, 133 
Pike, Camp, 103 
Pioneer infantry, 167 



Of an army, 37 

Of an army corps, 38 

Of infantry regiment, 62 

Part in an offensive, 43 

Work of, 117 
Pistols, 13, 60 
Planes 

See Aeroplanes 
Plymouth Division, 76 

See TSvelfth Division 
Pneumonia, 159 
Police 

See "Military Police" 
Policing, 175 
Pope Benedict, 15 
Population 

Of nations engaged in war, 
13, 17, 19 

Total population of world, 19 
Porto Rico 

Number of soldiers from. 31 

Troops in Eighty-first Divi- 
sion, 99 
Portugal 

Date entered war, 17 

Population, 17 
Post of commander, 45, 167 
Post Office 

Attached to Divisional Head- 
quarters, 61 

Central, located at, 49 

Of an army, 37 
Prairie Division, 87 

See Thirty-third Division 
President 

Commander-in-Chief of Army 
and Navy, 28 

Designates national anthem, 
159 

See "Wilson" 
President Wilson 

See "Wilson" 
Prisoner of war, 167 



216 



INDEX 



Prisoners 

Captured by Americans, 57, 
159 

Captured by Bolsheviki, 33 

Captured from divisions, 110, 
111 

Conveyed by, 64 

Equipped by Salvage Depart- 
ment, 160 

Taken prisoner in A. E. F., 33 
Private 

First Class, 152 

Pay of in other countries, 158 

Pay of in U. S., 152, 158 
Provost Guard 

Brassard worn by, 153 
Provost Marshal General, 28 
Prussian Guards, 169 
P'sychological examination of 

troops, 156 
Public debt 

Of Allies, 22 

Of Central Powers, 22 
Pursuit Squadrons, 137 
Puvenelle Sector 

Ninetieth Division activity, 
106 

Seventh Division activity, 74 

Quartermaster, 167, 177 

Awards, 146 

Battle deaths per thousand, 
146 

Department of, 28 

Depots, 37 

Dumps, 46 

Number killed in battle, 146 

Per cent, of service, 115 

Storehouses, 47, 4S, 118 
Quartermaster Corps 

Civilian employees of, 128 

Collar insignia of, 115 

Hat cord of, 154 

Increase in personnel, 128 



Of a division, 39 
Purchases of, 130 
Salvage Department of, 129 
Shipments Handled, 129 
Strength of, March, 1917, 115 

November, 1918, 115 
Supplies equipment of army, 

128 
Zone system of, 129 

Quartermaster Department 
Commendation of, 130 
Insi.gnia, 46, 47, 48, 130 
Paying of the army, 130 
Purchases, 156, 157 

Quartermaster equipment, 158 

Eailheads, 45, 46 
Eailroad artillery, 44, 124 

Insignia, 124 

Location in an offensive, 45 

Position of, 121 
Railway centers, 48 
Railway engineers 

Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 

Insignia, 120 

Numbers serving, 120 

Work of, 120 
Railway Transportation Officer, 

167 
Rainbow Division, 93 

See Forty-second Division 
Ranks 

Of enlisted men, 152 

Of Officers, 150 
Ration for a division, 155 
Rats, 163, 171 

Read, George W., Major Gener- 
al, 52 
Records 

See "Central Records Office" 
Red Cross 

See "American Red Cross" 
Reenlistment, 170, 174 
Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or, 152 



INDEX 



217 



Regimental Supply Sergeant, 

152 
Regular Army 

Divisions, 67 

Enlistments, 30 

Size of, April, 1917, 30 
Reminiscences, 163 
Remount 

Depots of an army corps, 38 

Squadron of an army, 37 
Repair parks, 140 
Replacement camp, 48 
Replacement Depot 

Location of, 46 

Of an army, 37 
Replacement Divisions, 91, 92, 

93, 95 
Replacements to divisions, 111, 

112 
Reserve Mallet 

Insignia, 123 

Organization, 123 

Work of, 123 
Rest Camp, 173 
Revolutionary War 

Greatest strength, 34 

Killed in battle, 35 

Total casualties, 35 

Total troops engaged, 34 

Wounded, 35 
Revolvers, 13, 60 
Rheims 

Aisne defensive, 26 

Forty-second Division activ- 
ity near, 94 
Rhode Island 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Forty-second Divi- 
sion, 94 
Seventy-sixth Division, 95 
Twenty-sixth Division, 80 
Rifles 

Ammunition for, 60 

Browning automatic, 131 



Cost of, 159 

Equipment of a division, GO 

Model of 1917, 131 

Production of, 131 

Springfield, 131 
Rolling kitchen, 167 
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 26 
Roumania 

Date entered war, 17 

Died in battle, 19 

Men in arms, 19 

Population, 17 

Total casualties, 19 
Rumors, 172 
Rupt-Troyon Sector, 81 
Russia 

Armistice with Germany ef- 
fective, 16 

Date entered war, 17 

Died in battle, 19 

Men in arms, 19 

Orders general mobilization, 
14 

Population, 17 

Total casualties, 19 

U. S. troops activity in, 33, 
103 

U. S. troops arrive, 27 

U. S. troops serving in, 160 

War declared by Austria- 
Hungary, 14 
Germany, 14 

War expenditures, 21 
Russians 

Attempt to cross Carpathians, 
15 

Sadly Out of Luck, 167 
Sailors 

Lives lost, 34 

Man naval guns, 123 
Salmon, 169 
Salvage Department 

Equips German prisons, 160 



218 



INDEX 



Salvage Department (cont'd) 

Recovery of articles, 160 

Saving in first year of work, 
129 
Salvage party, 153 
Salvation Army 

Centers supplying books, 162 

Volunteers serving, 161 
San Domingo, 19 
Sanitary Corps, 27 
Sanitary Service Unit, 150, 

167 
Sanitary squads, 60 
Sanitary train, 167 

Commander, 64 

Composed of, 39, 65 

Duties, 65 

Of a division, 39 

Strength in a division, 60 
San Marino 

Date entered war, 17 

Population, 17 
Sazarais Sector, 68 
Schools 

See "Training Schools" 
Scouts, 153 
Searchlight engineers 

Insignia of, 119 

Work of, 119 
Second Army 

Commanded by, 50 

Corps composing, 50 

Date formed, 50 

Headquarters at, 50 

Insignia, 50 

On Toul-St. Menehould front, 
50 

Scheduled for Metz offensive, 
50 
Second Army Corps 

Commander, 52 

Date organized, 52 

Divisions composing, 52 

Insignia, 52 



Operates with British army, 
52 
Second Division 

Activities, 69, 70 

A part of Fourth Army Corps, 
53 

Awards, 70, 113 

Battle casualties, 70, 110 

Battle deaths, 110 

Commander, 69 

Guns captured, 70 

Headquarters established in 
France, 69 

Insignia, 70 

Marines of, 70 

Prisoners captured, 70 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 70, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Wounded, 110 
Second Lieutenant 

Command of, 151 

Insignia, 151 

Pay of, 152 
Secretary of War 

Abolishes Divisional Distinc- 
tions, 67 

Authority of, 28 

Commends Medical Depart- 
ment, 125 

Report of, 31, 125 
Sedan 

Captured by Americans, 16, 
27 

First Division activity, 69 

Forty-second Division activ- 
ity, 94 
Selective Service 

Act signed, 25 

First registration, 25 

Men liable to service, 160 

Men registered under, 160 



INDEX 



219 



Selective Service (cont'd) 

Numbers drawn, 25 

Troops supplied by, 30 
Serbia 

Attacked by Austria, 14 

Date entered war, 17 

Population, 17 

Sent ultimatum by Austria- 
Hungary, 14 

War declared by Austria- 
Hungary, 14 

See "Serbia and Montenegro" 
Serbia and Montenegro 

Died in battle, 19 

Men in arms, 19 

Total casualties, 19 
Serbian student, 13 
Service of Supply (S. 0. S.), 167 

Business transacted, 155, 177 

Commanded by, 48, 155 

Headquarters, 48 

Initials of, 164 

Insignia, 48, 130, 133 

Location of, 45 

Population, 4S 

Sections of, 48 

Troops in action against en- 
emy, 57 

Units within, 4S 
Service school, 154 
Service stripes, 153 
Seventeenth Division 

Commander, 79 

I^nits comprising, 179 

Where trained, 78 
Seventh Army Corps 

A part of Second Army, 50 
Third Army, 51 

Commanders, 55 

Date organized, 55 

Divisions comprising, 55 

Insignia, 55 
Seventy-eighth Division 

Activities, 96 



A part of Fourth Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 96 

Awards, 97, 113 

Battle deaths. 111 

Casualties, 96, 110 

Commander, 96 

Guns captured, 96 

Insignia, 97 

Name, 96 

Prisoners captured, 96 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 96 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoners. 111 

Total advance, 96, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 96 

Wounded, 111 
Seventy-ninth Division 

Activities, 97 

A part of Fifth Army Corps, 
54 
Ninth Army Corps, 56 

Arrival in France, 97 

Awards, 98, 113 

Battle deaths, HI 

Casualties, 110, 98 

Commander, 97 

Guns captured, 08 

Insignia, 98 

Prisoners captured, 97, 98 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 97 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoners, 111 

Total advance, 98, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 97 

Wounded, 111 
Seventy-seventh Division 

Activities, 95, 96 

A part of Eighth Army Corps, 
56 



220 



INDEX 



Seventy-seventh Div. (cont'd) 
First Army Corps, 52 

Arrival in France, 95 

Awards, 96, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 96, 110 

Commander, 95 

Guns captured, 96 

Insignia, 96 

Name of, 95 

Prisoners captured, 96 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 95 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 96, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 95 

Wounded, 110 
Seventy-sixth Division 

Arrival in France, 95 

Commander, 95 

Insignia, 95 

Name, 95 

States supplying troops, 95 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 95 
Sevier, Camp 

Thirtieth Division trained at, 
84 

Twentieth Division trained 
at, 80 
Shelby, Camp, 91 
Shells, 41 
Sheridan, Camp 

Ninth Division trained at, 75 

Thirty-seventh Division train- 
ed at, 90 
Sherman, Camp, 101 
Shock troops, 169 
Shoulder insignia 

See Frontispiece 

Air service, 138 

Ambulance Corps, 128 



Anti-aircraft, 124 

Base hospitals, 128 

Camouflage Section, 119 

Cavalry, 135 

Chemical Warfare Service, 
144 

Coast Artillery, 124 

Engineers, 119 

Infantry, 118 

Medical Corps, 128 

Motor Transport Corps, 140 

Ordnance Corps, 133 

Quartermaster Corps, 128 

Railroad engineers, 120 

Reserve Mallet, 123 

Searchlight engineers, 119 

Signal Corps, 134 

Tank Corps, 142 

Trench mortar, 124 
Shrapnel, 41, 174 
Siam 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 
Siberia 

Hospitals in, 126 

United States troops serving 
in, 161 
Take position in, 17 
Signal Battalion, 38 
Signal Corps 

Activities of, 133 

Aviation Section, 134 

Awards, 145 

Battle deaths per thousand, 
146 

Brassard worn by, 153 

Growth of, 133 

Hat cord, 154 

Importance, 134 

Insignia, 134 

Lay cable under English 
Channel, 133 

Number killed in battle, 146 

Numbering of, 178, 179 



INDEX 



221 



Signal Corps (cont'd) 

Per cent of service, 115 

Photographic unit, 133, 134 

Strength March, 1917, 115 
November, 1918, 115 

System of communication, 133 
Signals, 122 

Artillery, 42 

Used in an offensive, 42, 44 
Sixteenth Division 

Commander, 78 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 78 
Sixth Army Corps 

Activities, 55 . 

A part of Second Army, 50 

Commander, 55 

Date organized, 55 

Divisions composing, 55 

Insignia, 55 
Sixth Division 

Activities, 74 

A part of Eighth Army Corps, 
56 
Seventh Army Corps, 55 

Arrival in France, 73 

Awards, 74, 113 

Battle deaths, 111 

Casualties, 74, 111 

Commander, 74 

Insignia, 74 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner. 111 

Units comprising, 179 

Wounded, 111 
Sketch of battle formation, 45 
Smoke screen, 41 
Soissons 

Retaken by French, 16 

First Division activity, 68 

Thirty-second Division activ- 
ity, 86 

See Marne counter-offensive 



Soldiers 

Attitude during war, 163, 

164 
Cost of equipment, 158 
Enlisted from each state, 31 
French, known by, 168 
Number marrying French 

girls, 154 
Revision of General Orders. 

169 
Survey of War, 13 
Views on winning war, 176 
Somme 

Defensive, 26, 57 
Germans driven across, 16 
Offensive, 15, 27, 57 
Work of tanks, 141 
Somme-Dieue sector 

Eighty-first Division activity, 

99 

Thirty-fifth Division activity, 
89 
Sommeville sector, 68 
S. 0. S. 

See "Service of Supply" 
Souain and Esperance Sector, 

94 
South Carolina 
Charleston, embarkation, 157 
Columbia ( Camp Jackson ) , 

99 
Greenville (Camp Servier), 

80, 84 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Spartansburg ( Camp Wads- 
worth), 81 
Troops in Eighty-first Diri- 
sion, 99 
Thirtieth Division, 84 
South Dakota 
Number of troops from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- 
sion, 104 
Thirty-fourth Division, 88 



222 



INDEX 



Spanish- American War 

Death rate from disease, 127 
Greatest strength of forces, 

35 
Killed in battle, 35 
Total casualties, 35 
Total troops engaged, 35 
Wounded, 35 
Spruce Production, 136 
Spruce Production Unit, 145 
Staff 

Chief of, 28 
General, 28 
Staff Departments, 154 
8 tars and Stripes, 155 
"Star Spangled Banner," 159 
State, troops from each, 31 
Statistical Section, 167 
St. Die Sector 

Eighty-first Division activity, 

99 
Fifth Division activity, 73 
Ninety-second Division activ- 
ity, 108 
St. Mihiel 

Date of American offensive, 

16 
Eightieth Division activity, 

98 
Eighty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 105 
Eighty-second Division activ- 
ity, 100 
Fifth Division activity, 73 
First Army participates, 50 
First Division activity, 68 
Forty-second Division activ- 
ity, 94 
Fourth Division activity, 72 
Ninetieth Division activity, 

106 
Offensive, 27 

One of greatest engagements, 
57 



Second Division activity, 70 

Seventy-eighth Division ac- 
tivity, 96 

Seventy-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 97 

Third Division activity, 71 

Thirty-seventh Division activ- 
ity, 90 

Thirty-third Division activ- 
ity, 87 

Twenty-sixth Division activ- 
ity, 81 
St. Quentin, 16 
Strength of Army 

By branches of service, 115 

By divisions, 112 

In A. E. F., 30 

In important wars of U. S., 
34, 35 

In U. S., 30 

When armistice was signed, 

29, 30, 115 

When war was declared, 29, 

30, 115 

Strength of infantry divisions, 

60 
St. Souplet sector, 82 
Stripes 

Service, 153 
Wound, 153 
Student Army Training School, 

145 
Submarine warfare 

American citizens murdered, 

23 
American losses, 34 
American ships sunk, 24 
Germany announces unre- 
stricted warfare, 15, 24 
Lusitania sunk, 24 
Sussex sunk, 25 
Tuscania torpedoed, 26 
U. S. steamship sinks subma- 
rine, 26 



INDEX 



223 



Submarine warfare (cont'd) 

U. S. steamship Otranto tor- 
pedoed, 27 

Vessels sunk off New Jersey, 
26 
Summerall, C. P., Major Gener- 
al, 54 
Sunflower Division, 105 

See Eighty-ninth Division 
Sunset Division, 93 

See Forty-first Division 
Sunshine Division, 92 

See Fortieth Division 
Supply Company, 62 
Supply Dump 

Divisional, 61 

Location of in an offensive, 
45 
Supply service, 102, 103 
Supply Train, 167 

Commander, 64 

Duties, 65 

Hat cord, 154 

Of a division, 39, 65 

Of an army corps, 38 

Strength in a division, 60 
Sussex, French steamer sunk, 

25 
System of command of the A. 
E. F., 37 

Tanks 

Described, 141 

First used by British, 14 

Location in an offensive, 45 

Part in an offensive, 40, 41 

Possibilities of, 114 

Replace cavalry, 135 

Uses of, 141 

Work of, 116 
Tank Corps 

Awards, 145 

Battle deaths per thousand, 
146 



Commander, 142 

Hat cord, 154 

Insignia, 115, 142 

Number killed in battle, 145 

Of an army, 37 

Organization, 141 

Per cent of service, 115 

Slogan, 141 

Strength of November, 1918, 

115 
Where trained, 28, 141 
Work of, 141 
Taylor, Camp, 102 
Telegraph 

Battalions of an army, 37 

Army corps, 38 
Cable under English Channel, 

133 
Use by Signal Corps, 133 
Wireless, 122 
Telephone 

Special D. S. M. award, 159 
Use by Signal Corps, 133 
Use to artillery, 122 
Tennessee 

Number soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-first Divi- 
sion, 99 
Eighty-second Division, lOOi 
Ninety-second Division, 108 
Ninety-third Division, 109 
Thirtieth Division, 84 
Tenth Division 
Commander, 76 
Insignia, 76 
Units comprising, 179 
Where trained, 76 
Texas 

Fort Sam Houston (Camp 

Travis), 79, 106 
Fort Worth (Camp Bowie), 

89 
Houston (Camp Logan), 78, 
87 



224 



INDEX 



Texa8 (cont'd) 

Number of soldiers from, 31 

Troops in Forty-second Divi- 
sion, 94 
Ninetieth Division, 106 
Thirty-sixth Division, 89 

Waco (Camp McArthur), 86 
Thiaucourt sector, 83 
Third Army 

Commanded by, 51 

Corps composing, 51 

Date organized, 51 

Day's ration for, 155 

Headquarters located at, 51 

Insignia of, 51 
Third Army Corps 

A part of First Army, 49 
Third Army, 51 

Commanders, 53 

Date organized, 53 

Divisions comprising, 53 

Insignia, 53 

Participation in Argonne, 53 
Third Division 

Activities, 71 

A part of Third Army Corps, 
53 

Arrival in France, 71 

Awards, 71, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 71, 113 

Commander, 71 

Guns captured, 71 

Prisoners captured, 71 

Replacements, 112 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 71, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Woimded, 110 
Thirteenth Division 

Commander, 77 

Insignia, 77 

Units comprising, 179 



Where trained, 77 
Thirtieth Division 

Activities, 84 

A part of Second Army Corps, 
52 

Arrival in France, 84 

Awards, 85, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 85, 110 

Commander, 84 

Guns captured, 85 

Insignia, 85 

Name, 84 

Prisoners captured, 85 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 84 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 85, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 84 

Wounded, 85, 110 
Thirty-eighth Division 

Arrival in France, 91 

Commander, 91 

Insignia, 91 

Name, 91 

States supplying troops, 91 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 91 
Thirty-fifth Division 

Activities, 88, 89 

A part of First Army Corpa, 
52 
Ninth Army Corps, 56 

Arrival in France, 88 

Awards, 89, 113 

Battle deaths. 111 

Casualties, 89, 111 

Commander, 88 

Guns captured, 89 

Insignia, 89 

Prisoners captured, 89 

Replacements, 111 



INDEX 



225 



Thirty-fifth Division (cont'd) 
States supplying troops, 88 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner, 112 
Total advance, 89, 113 
Units comprising, 180 
Where trained, 88 
Wounded, 111 
Thirty-first Division 
Arrival in France, 85 
Commander, 85 
Insignia, 85 
Name, 85 

States supplying troops, 85 
Units comprising, 179 
Where trained, 85 
Thirty-fourth Division 
Arrival in France, 88 
Commander, 88 
Insignia, 88 
Name, 88 

States supplying troops, 88 
Units comprising, 180 
Where trained, 88 
Thirty-ninth Division 
Arrival in France, 92 
Commander, 92 
Insignia, 92 
Name, 92 

States supplying troops, 92 
Units comprising, 180 
Where trained, 92 
Thirty-second Division 
Activities, 86 
A part of Fifth Army Corps, 

54 
Arrival in France, 86 
Awards, 87, 113 
Battle deaths, 110 
Casualties, 86, 110 
Commander, 86 
Guns captured, 86 
Insignia, 86, 87 
Name of, 86 



Prisoners captured, 80 
Replacements, 110 
States supplying troops, 86 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner, 112 

Total advance, 86, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 86 

Wounded, 110 
Thirty-seventh Division 

Activities, 90 

A part of Fifth Army Corps, 
54 

Arrival in France, 90 

Awards, 91, 113 

Battle deaths. 111 

Casualties, 91, 113 

Commander, 90 

Guns captured, 91 

Insignia, 91 

Name of, 90 

Prisoners captured, 91 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 90 

Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner, 111 

Total advance, 91, 111 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 90 

Wounded, 111 
Thirty-sixth Division 
Activities, 90 
Arrival in France, 89 
Awards, 90, 113 
Battle deaths, 111 
Casualties, 90, 110 
Commander, 89 
Guns captured, 90 
Insignia, 90 
Name of, 89 
P*risoner8 captured, 90 
Replacements, 1 12 
States supplying troops, 89 
Strength at armistice, 112 



226 



INDEX 



Thirty-sixth Division (cont'd) 

Taken prisoner, 111 

Total advance, 90, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 89 

Wounded, 111 
Thirty-third Division 

Activities, 87 

A part of Ninth Army Corps, 
56 
Sixth Army Corps, 55 
Third Army Corps, 53 

Arrival in France, 87 

Awards, 87, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 87, 110 

Commander, 87 

Guns captured, 87 

Insignia, 87 

Name, 87 

Prisoners captured, 87 

Replacements, 110 

States supplying troops, 87 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 112 

Total advance, 87, 113 

Units comprising, 180 

Where trained, 87 

Wounded, 110 
Torpedoed, number of vessels, 

34 
Toul 

Americans repulse attack 
near, 26 

Headquarters at, 50 
Toul-St. Menehould front 

Held by First Army, 50 
Second Army, 50 
Toul-Troyon Sector 

Eighty-ninth Division activ- 
ity, 105 

Second Division activity, 70 
Tractors 

Evolve into tanks, 141 



Used for hauling artillery, 
132 
Traffic control, 64 
Train 

Ammunition, 39 
Engineer, 39 
Headquarters, 39 
Motor supply, 38 
Sanitary, 39 
Supply, 39 
Troop transport, 38 
Train Headquarters 
Commander, 64 
Duties, 64, 65 
Numbering of, 179 
Of a division, 39 
Train Headquarters and Mili- 
tary Police 
Commander, 64 
Strength in a division, 60 
Training Schools 

For commissioned officers, 142 
Gas defense, 143 
Medical officers, 125 
Officers in A. E. F., 47 
Officers in U. S., 32 
Student army, 142 
Train Master, 167 
Trains 

Commander of, 64 
Divisional, 60 
In a division, 64 
Numbering of, 178, 179 
Part in an offensive, 44 
Wagon, 44 
Travis, Camp 

Eighteenth Division trained 
at, 106 
Trench knives, 60 
Trench mortars 

Captured by Americans, 57 
Location of in an offensive, 

45 
Where used, 121 



INDEX 



227 



Trench Mortar Battalion 

Insignia, 124 

Numbering of, 178, 179 

Of a division, 39, 63 

Part in an offensive, 41, 121 

Strength in a division, 60 

Work of, 63 
Troops 

Captured by Americans, 57, 
159 

Died of pneumonia, 159 

Engaged in actual fighting, 57 

Engaged in important wars of 
U. S., 34, 35 
World War, 19, 35 

Examined for intelligence, 
156 

Fitness of, 28 

In France, 161 

In Italy, 161 

In Russia, 161 

In Siberia, 161 

In training, 32, 145 

Number from each state, 31 

Number sent overseas, 157 

Of Allies wear Victory Medal, 
148 

Per cent, of service in train- 
ing, 115 

Taken prisoner, 33, 110, 159 

Transportation overseas, 160 
Troyon sector, 97 
Trugny and Beauvardes, 94 
Tuberculosis, 167 
Turkey 

Date entered war, 18 

Population, 18 

Surrenders, 16 

War declared by Great Brit- 
ain, 14 
Tuscania, 16, 26 
Twelfth Division 

Commander, 77 

Insignia, 77 



Name, 76 

Units comprising, 179 

Wliere trained, 77 
Twentieth Division 

Commander, 80 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 80 
Twenty-eighth Division 

Activities, 83 

A part of First Armv Corps. 
52 ' f > 

Sixth Army Corps, 55 
Arrival in France, 82 
Awards, 83, 110 
Casualties, 83 
Commanders, 83 
Guns captured, 83 
Insignia, 83, 113 
Names of, 82 
Prisoners captured, 83 
Replacements, 112 
State supplying troops, 82 
Strength at armistice, 112 
Taken prisoner, 110 
Total advance, 83, 113 
Units comprising, 179 
Where trained, 82 
Wounded, 110 
Twenty-ninth Division 
Activities, 83 
A part of Fifth Army Corps, 

54 
Arrival in France, 83 
Awards, 84, 110 
Battle deaths, HI 
Casualties, 84 
Commander, 83 
Guns captured. 84 
Insignia, 84 
Name, 83 

Prisoners captured, 84 
Replacements, 112 
States supplying troops. 83 
Strength at armistice, 112 



228 



INDEX 



Twenty-ninth Division (cont'd) 

Taken prisoner, 111 

Total advance, 84, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 83 

Wounded, 111 
Twenty-seventh Division 

Activities, 81 

A part of Second Army Corps, 
52 

Arrival in France, 81 

Awards, 82, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 82, 110 

Commander, 81 

Insignia, 82 

Name, 81 

Prisoners, 82 

Replacements, 112 

State supplying troops, 81 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 82 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 81 

Wounded, 110 
Twenty-sixth Division 

Activities, 26, 80 

Arrival in France, 80 

Awards, 81, 113 

Battle deaths, 110 

Casualties, 81, 110 

Commanders, 80 

Guns captured, 81 

Insignia, 81 

Name, 80 

Prisoners captured, 80 

Replacements, 112 

States supplying troops, 80 

Strength at armistice, 112 

Taken prisoner, 110 

Total advance, 81, 113 

Units comprising, 179 

Where trained, 80 



Wounded, 110 
Twilight Division, 79 
See Nineteenth Division 

United States 

Amount paid for damages, 
157 

Army hospitals in America, 
126 

Army under orders of Foch, 
26 

Casualties in important wars, 
35 

Declares war on Austria-Hun- 
gary, 16, 26 

War on Germany, 15, 18, 25 

Demands recall of Boy-ed and 
Von Papen, 24 

Destroyers in war zone, 25 

Diplomatic relations severed 
by Austria-Hungary, 25 

Hourly cost of war, 22 

Kilometers of front line held, 
20 

Loans to Allies, 21 

Men in arms, 19 

National anthem, 159 

Number of troops serving in, 
30 

Patients in hospitals, 157 

Per cent of front line held, 21 

Population, 18 

Rejects Pope's peace proposal, 
15 

Severs diplomatic relations 
with Germany, 25 

Steamer sinks German sub- 
marine, 26 

Strength of U. S, forces in im- 
portant wars, 34 

Total casualties, 19, 33 

Troops arrive in Archangel, 
27 
Arrive in Italy, 27 



INDEX 



229 



United states — ^Troops (cont'd) 
Died in battle, 19, 33 
Lost on Tuscania, 26 
Take position in Siberia, 
27 
United States Army, 167 
Collar insignia of, 115 
Death rate from disease, 127 
Official designation, 67 
Shoulder insignia of, Frontis- 
piece 
United States Guards 
Duties, 144 
Personnel, 145 
Universities, American, 142 
Upton, Camp, 95 
Uruguay, 19 
Utah 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Fortieth Division, 
92 
in Ninety-first Division, 107 

Veneto, Italy 

See Vittorio-Veneto 
Verdun, 176 

French stop drive, 15 
German drive begins, 15 
Second Division activity, 69 
Thirty-third Division activ- 
ity, 87 
Vermont 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- 
sion, 95 
in TSventy-sixth Division, 80 
Vesle Sector 

Fourth Division activity, 72 
Seventy- seventh Division ac- 
tivity, 95 
Thirty-second Division activ- 
ity, 86 
Twenty-eighth Division activ- 
ity, 83 



Vessels destroyed, 34 
Veterinary hospitals, 38 
Victory Medal, 148 
Viray Ridge, 25 
Virginia 
Newport News, point of em- 
barkation, 157 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Petersburg (Camp Lee), 98 
Troops in Eightieth Division, 
98 
in Ninety-second Division, 

108 
in Twenty-ninth Division, 
83 
Vittorio-Veneto, battle of, 27, 

57, 101 
Voluntary enlistments, 30, 145 
Vosges 

Activity in, 55 

Eighty-first Division activity, 

99 
Ninety-second Division activ- 
ity, 108 
Thirty-fifth Division activity, 
88,89 

Wadsworth, Camp, 81 

Wagons, 61 

War Camp Community Service, 

168 
War expenditures, 21 
War of Independence 

See Revolutionary War 
War of 1812 

Greatest strength, 35 

Killed in battle, 35 

Total casualties, 35 

Total serving, 35 

Wounded, 35 
War with France, 34 
War with Mexico 

See Mexican War 
War with Tripoli, 35 



230 



INDEX 



War Work Organizations, 32, 

47, 143, 161, 162 
Warsaw, Russia, 15 
Washington 

American Lake (Camp Lew- 
is), 77, 107 
Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Forty-first Divi- 
sion, 93 
in Ninety-first Division, 107 
West Virginia 

Number of soldiers from, 

31 
Troops in Eightieth Division, 
98 
in Eighty-third Division, 

101 
in Thirty-third Division, 87 
Wharves, 118 
Wheeler, Camp, 85 
Who Won the War? 176 
Wildcat Division, 90 

See Eighty-first Division 
Wild West Division, 107 

See Ninety-first Division 
Wilson, President 

Announces fourteen peace 

points, 16 
Declares neutrality of U. S., 

24 
Designates national anthem, 

159 
See "Rumors" 
Wireless 

Command of Aeroplanes, 138 
Use to artillery, 122 
Wisconsin 

Number of soldiers from, 31 
Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- 
sion, 102 
in Thirty-second Division, 
86 
Wolverine Division, 77 
See Fourteenth Division 



Wood, Leonard, Major General, 

76, 106 
World War 

American casualties in, 35 

America's participation, 163 

America's part in, 22 

Cost of, 13, 21, 22 

Dates nations entered, 17 

Death rate from disease, 127 

Died in battle, 19, 20 

Front line held by various na- 
tions, 21 

Great strength of U. S. force, 
35 

History written in terms of 
divisions, 58 

Men in arms, 19 

Nations engaged, 17 

Notable dates, 14 

Populations of nations en- 
gaged, 17 

Soldiers' survey, 13 

Total casualties, 19, 20 

Total population Allied pow- 
ers, 17 

Total population Central pow- 
ers, 17 

Total of U. S. forces engaged, 
oo 
Wounded 

Direction of, 64 

Duplication of figures, 10 

In A. E. F., 33 

In American divisions, 110 

In World War, 13 

In important American wars, 
35 

Per cent returned to duty, 
154 

Treatment of, 43, 65 
Wound stripes, 153 
Wright, E. M., Major General 

Commands Fifth Army Corps, 
54 



INDEX 



231 



Wright, E. M. (cont'd) 
First Army Corps, 52 
Seventh Army Corps, 55 
Tliird Army Corps, 53 
Wyoming 

Number of troops from, 31 
Troops in Forty-first Division, 
93 
Ninety-first Division, 107 

Xammes, 105 

Yankee Division, 80 

See Twenty-sixth Division 
Yanks, 176, 177 

Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion, 168, 177 

Centers supplying A. L. A. 
books, 162 

Members overseas, 161 

Members serving, 161 

Moving pictures, 161 



Young Women's Christian As- 
sociation, 162 
Ypres 

British defeat Germans at, 

15 
Gas first used near, 142 
Thirtieth Division activity, 
84 
Ypres-Lys oflfensive, 27, 57 

Zone of advance, 168, 45 
Zones 

Advance sector, 45, 46 

Intermediate area, 45 

S. 0. S., 45, 48 

Special areas, 45, 47 

Zone of advance, 45 
Zone System 

Of army organization, 45 

Of Quartermaster Depart- 
ment, 129 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: fMJ^y onni 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER <N PAPER PRESERVATrON 

111 Thomson Park Drive 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




007 690 957 A 




